•P2P energy trading refers to direct energy trading among prosumers and consumers.•A P2P system architecture was developed.•A P2P energy trading platform, Elecbay, was designed.•P2P energy trading ...was simulated based on game theory.•Results prove that P2P energy trading facilitates local power and energy balance.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading represents direct energy trading between peers, where energy from small-scale Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in dwellings, offices, factories, etc, is traded among local energy prosumers and consumers. A hierarchical system architecture model was proposed to identify and categorize the key elements and technologies involved in P2P energy trading. A P2P energy trading platform was designed and P2P energy trading was simulated using game theory. Test results in a LV grid-connected Microgrid show that P2P energy trading is able to improve the local balance of energy generation and consumption. Moreover, the increased diversity of generation and load profiles of peers is able to further facilitate the balance.
Massive deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) along with innovations in information and communication technologies have changed the power system from a hierarchical structure to a more ...deregulated model by introducing new generations at lower levels. This change raises operational and market challenges. Local energy trading provides opportunities to manage these DERs by encouraging localised trading. The concept of local energy trading at the distribution level is widely broadcasted for implementation in the power system. In the design of electricity markets for local energy trading, a clear definition of market participants, their objective, and purpose of market clearing should be established. This design depends on the changing needs of the power system and can be performed from different viewpoints. Classification and organisation of the literature on potential designs for local energy trading can help researchers to develop their future steps properly. This study presents a comprehensive review on this topic and provides a systematic classification of the market players, market clearing objectives, and approaches. Several research works are analysed against different criteria, including scalability, overheads requirements, and network constraints management.
Optimal operation of energy systems is one of the main challenges in relation to economic discussions, flexibility and sustainable energy supply of these systems. In this paper, a combined energy ...system (CES)with the concept of energy hub, including electrical, heating and cooling hubs, is offered along with demand response programs (DRPS) of electrical and cooling, and also renewable energy resources (RERS) to study optimal operation of the proposed hub. This study is based on uncertainty modeling and scenario generation in electrical, heating and cooling demands, wind speed and solar irradiances well as in the price of energy carriers including electricity and natural gas. Monte Carlo method is used to generate different scenarios of uncertainties in the model. The optimization problem with the aim of maximizing the profit of energy hub with the presence of DRPS and RERS in four case studies has been done. A MILP formulation for the optimization problem is presented and solved using the CPLEX solver in GAMS software. The simulation results of the proposed model show an increase in energy hub profit, reducing the cost of purchased power from electricity grid as well as decreasing cost of operation.
•A probabilistic modeling for an energy hub is implemented.•The flexibility of DRPS is intended to increase profit.•The potential of RERS is used to reduce electricity costs.•The generation of different scenarios for uncertainty parameters is considered.
This paper presents a general description of local flexibility markets as a market-based management mechanism for aggregators. The high penetration of distributed energy resources introduces new ...flexibility services like prosumer or community self-balancing, congestion management and time-of-use optimization. This work is focused on the flexibility framework to enable multiple participants to compete for selling or buying flexibility. In this framework, the aggregator acts as a local market operator and supervises flexibility transactions of the local energy community. Local market participation is voluntary. Potential flexibility stakeholders are the distribution system operator, the balance responsible party and end-users themselves. Flexibility is sold by means of loads, generators, storage units and electric vehicles. Finally, this paper presents needed interactions between all local market stakeholders, the corresponding inputs and outputs of local market operation algorithms from participants and a case study to highlight the application of the local flexibility market in three scenarios. The local market framework could postpone grid upgrades, reduce energy costs and increase distribution grids’ hosting capacity.
The recent development of efficient thermal prime movers for distributed generation is changing the focus of the production of electricity from large centralized power plants to local generation ...units scattered over the territory. The scientific community is addressing the analysis and planning of distributed energy resources with widespread approaches, taking into account technical, environmental, economic and social issues. The coupling of cogeneration systems to absorption/electric chillers or heat pumps, as well as the interactions with renewable sources, allow for setting up multi-generation systems for combined local production of different energy vectors such as electricity, heat (at different enthalpy levels), cooling power, hydrogen, various chemical substances, and so forth. Adoption of composite multi-generation systems may lead to significant benefits in terms of higher energy efficiency, reduced CO
2 emissions, and enhanced economy. In this light, a key direction for improving the characteristics of the local energy production concerns the integration of the concepts of distributed energy resources and combined production of different energy vectors into a comprehensive distributed multi-generation (DMG) framework that entails various approaches to energy planning currently available in the literature. This paper outlines the main aspects of the DMG framework, illustrating its characteristics and summarizing the relevant DMG structures. The presentation is backed by an extended review of the most recent journal publications and reports.
Owing to the important role of the power system in modern societies, its resilience against natural disasters has become a top priority for power system operators and planners. Moreover, in recent ...years, due to the increasing number and severity of weather-related events, several operational solutions have been proposed to increase the resilience of power systems. For instance, in the distribution part of power systems, dynamic micro-grid (MG) formation can enhance resilience by means of distributed energy resources (DERs) when the main grid is unavailable. Following this concept, the capabilities of electric vehicles (EVs) such as vehicle-to-grid make it possible to use the energy stored inside them to restore critical loads. Therefore, the aggregation of EVs in the distribution system can be seen as a DER from the system operator viewpoint, and operators can benefit from this limited energy resource in MG formation. This study uses two types of EV aggregation for this purpose, i.e. a public parking lot and a residential parking. To improve system performance when using these resources, two steps should be taken: (i) employing a master–slave control technique in each MG and (ii) using a demand-side management programme.
Africa is abundantly endowed with oil and mineral resources and investment (Habiyaremye, 2020; Zakari and Khan, 2021). However, the region has failed to transform this ample advantage for ...environmental prosperity. This study centers on the influence of energy resources, Chinese investment, and trade in Africa on the environmental quality of the 40 SSA countries. To achieve this objective, we applied Panel Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors (PDSE) and System-Generalized Method of Moment (S-GMM) estimators for yearly data spanning the period of 1992–2018. The empirical finding demonstrates that there is a positive relationship between energy resources and environmental degradation. This suggests that energy resources cannot help improve the environmental degradation in Africa. However, we find a negative relationship between Chinese investment, trade, and environmental degradation, indicating that Chinese investment and trade are associated with improving environmental quality. In the light of this, we strongly advise that the SSA states should direct their foreign business to China. With that, environmental-friendly technologies can be obtained to cut down environmental pollution. However, the government should formulate and enforce regulations against non-environmentally friendly energy resources systems capable of damaging the environment.
•The relationship between energy resource, investment and the environment.•Energy resources positively related to the environmental quality.•Investment and trade are negatively related to the environmental quality.•Formulate and enforcing regulations against non-environmentally friendly.
Distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic, wind, and gas generators, are connected to the grid more than ever before, which introduces tremendous changes in the distribution grid. Due ...to these changes, it is important to understand where these DERs are connected in order to sustainably operate the distribution grid. But the exact distribution system topology is difficult to obtain due to frequent distribution grid reconfigurations and insufficient knowledge about new components. In this paper, we propose a methodology that utilizes new data from sensor-equipped DER devices to obtain the distribution grid topology. Specifically, a graphical model is presented to describe the probabilistic relationship among different voltage measurements. With power flow analysis, a mutual information-based identification algorithm is proposed to deal with tree and partially meshed networks. Simulation results show highly accurate connectivity identification in the IEEE standard distribution test systems and Electric Power Research Institute test systems.
Harnessing flexibility from distributed energy resources (DER) to participate in various markets while accounting for relevant technical and commercial constraints is essential for the development of ...low-carbon grids. However, there is no clear definition or even description of the salient features of aggregated DER flexibility, including its steady-state and dynamic features and how these are impacted by network constraints and market requirements. This paper proposes a comprehensive DER flexibility modelling and characterisation framework that is based on the concept of nodal operating envelope (NOE). In particular, capacity, ramp, duration and cost are identified as key flexibility metrics and associated with different but consistent NOEs describing capability , feasibility , ramp , duration , economic , technical and commercial flexibility features. These NOEs, which conceptually arise from a Venn diagram, can be built via optimal power flow (OPF) analysis, visualised in the active-reactive power space, and used by different stakeholders. Results from a canonical test system and a real distribution system illustrate the value and applicability of the proposed framework to model and characterise provision of flexibility and market services from DER for different use cases.
•Optimal power flow and trading are combined in a single optimization problem.•A real dataset from a prosumer community in Amsterdam is used.•The role of a smart contract as a virtual aggregator is ...described in a detailed manner.•Import cost reductions of up to 34.9% are found for the combined model.•The combined model shows 50% reduced peak energy imports.
In this paper, an integrated blockchain-based energy management platform is proposed that optimizes energy flows in a microgrid whilst implementing a bilateral trading mechanism. Physical constraints in the microgrid are respected by formulating an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem, which is combined with a bilateral trading mechanism in a single optimization problem. The Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) is used to decompose the problem to enable distributed optimization and a smart contract is used as a virtual aggregator. This eliminates the need for a third-party coordinating entity. The smart contract fulfills several functions, including distribution of data to all participants and executing part of the ADMM algorithm. The model is run using actual data from a prosumer community in Amsterdam and several scenarios of the model are tested to evaluate the impact of combining physical constraints and trading on social welfare of the community and scheduling of energy flows. The scenario variants are trade-only, where only a trading mechanism is implemented, grid-only where only OPF optimization is implemented and a combined scenario where both are implemented. Results are compared with a baseline scenario. Simulation results show that import costs of the whole community are reduced by 34.9% as compared to a baseline scenario, and total energy import quantities are reduced by 15%. Total social welfare is found to be highest without a trading mechanism, however this platform is only viable when all costs are equally shared between all households. Furthermore, peak imports are reduced by over 50% in scenarios including grid constraints.
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