Kranjski ljiljan (Lilium carniolicum Bernh. ex Koch) je trajna zeljasta biljka iz porodice ljiljana (Liliaceae). Raste na livadama i rubovima šuma i planinskih područja istočnih alpa: od Italije do ...Bosne. Zbog ljepote cvjetova (perigon) u Sloveniji je zakonom zaštićena već od 1947 godine. U Crvenoj knjizi vaskularne flore Republike Hrvatske vodi se u kategoriji osjetljivih (VU) biljaka te je zaštićena vrsta. Zbog velikog potencijala kranjskog ljiljana cilj je bio napraviti model potencijalnog rasprostranjenja s obzirom na ekološke čimbenike na području Hrvatske. Područje istraživanja su gorska i planinska područja Hrvatske, a model je napravljen metodom maksimalne entropije koja se pokazala pouzdanom u usporedbi s drugim metodama ekološkog modeliranja. Podaci o rasprostranjenosti kranjskog ljiljana preuzeti su iz baze podataka Flora Croatica (FCD), dok su klimatske podloge u obliku rasterskih slojeva preuzete iz WorldClim baze podataka koje su usklađene na istu rezoluciju, veličinu i WGS86 (World Geodetic System) koordinatni referentni sustav (CRS). Model je napravljen na temelju 12 klimatskih varijabli koje su prikazane u rasterskom obliku s vrijednostima piksela u rezoluciji 1x1 km. Svakoj točki prisutnosti vrste pridružena je vrijednost piksela svake klimatske varijable. Rezultati pokazuju da varijabla Bio18 (oborine najtoplijeg kvartala) ima statistički značajno najveći utjecaj na pogodnost staništa kranjskog ljiljana s 32,2%.
Carniolan lily (Lilium carniolicum Bernh. ex Koch) is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Liliaceae family, growing on the meadows and edges of forests and mountainous areas of the eastern alps: from Italy to Bosnia. Because of its beauty habitus and flowers it is often threatened and has been protected in Slovenia since 1947. In the Flora Croatica Red Book it is managed in the category of vunerable (VU) plants. Due to its great potential of Carniolan lily, the aim was to make a model of potential distribution with regard to ecological factors in Croatia. The field research was the mountain regions of Croatia and the model was done by the method of maximum entropy which proved to be reliable compared to other ecological modeling methods. The data of the distribution of Carniolan lily are taken from the Flora Croatica Database (FCD), while climatic layers in the form of raster are used from WorldClim databases, which are aligned to the same resolution, size and WGS86 (World Geodetic System) coordinate reference system (CRS). The model is based on 12 climate variables that are shown in raster form with pixel values at a resolution of 1x1 km. Each pixel point of the species is associated with the pixel value of each climatic variable. The results show that the variable Bio18 (percipitation of warmest quarter) has statistically significant influence on habitat suitability of Carniolan lily with 32.2%.
In this paper we show that the processing of inflected verb forms is simultaneously influenced by the distributional properties of their inflectional paradigm (all the inflected forms of the given ...verb) and also by their inflectional class (all the verbs that conjugate in the same manner). Thus, we generalize a finding that was previously observed with nouns. We demonstrate that a divergence of the frequency distribution within inflectional paradigm from the frequency distribution within inflectional class (operationalized as Relative entropy between the two frequency distributions) is detrimental to processing. We present the results of a visual lexical decision experiment and the results of a simulation that was ran in the Naive Discriminative Reader, a simple computational model based on basic learning principles. We show that Relative entropy between an inflectional paradigm and an inflectional class predicts both empirically observed and simulated processing latencies. By doing so, we add to the body of research that investigates processing effects of information theory based descriptions of language. We also demonstrate that the effect of Relative entropy on the processing of morphology can arise as a consequence of the principles of discriminative learning in a system that maps input cues to outcomes, with no specification of morphology per se.
In this paper we study the problem of Bayesian sensor fusion for dynamic object tracking. The prospects of utilizing measurements from several sensors to infer about a system state are manyfold and ...they range from increased estimate accuracy to more reliable and robust estimates. Sensor measurements may be combined, or fused, at a variety of levels; from the raw data level to a state vector level, or at the decision level. In this paper we mainly focus on the Bayesian fusion at the likelihood and state vector level. We analyze two groups of data fusion methods: centralized independent likelihood fusion, where the sensors report only its measurement to the fusion center, and hierarchical fusion, where each sensor runs its own local estimate which is then communicated to the fusion center along with the corresponding uncertainty. We compare the prospects of utilizing both approaches, and present explicit solutions in the forms of extended information filter, unscented information filter, and particle filter. Furthermore, we also propose a solution for fusion of arbitrary filters and test it on a hierarchical fusion example of two of the aforementioned filters. Hence, the main contributions of this paper are systematic comparative study of Bayesian fusion methods, and a method for hierarchical fusion of arbitrary filters. The fusion methods are tested on a synthetic data generated by multiple Monte Carlo runs for tracking of a dynamic object with several sensors of different accuracies by analyzing the quadratic Rényi entropy and root-mean-square error.
Članek obravnava danes še kako aktualno vprašanje trajnostnega razvoja in meje rasti znotraj prevladujoče paradigme stalnega gospodarskega razvoja. Človeštvo se je znašlo pred težko odločitvijo, kako ...naprej, saj se nekatere posledice sedanjega antropocentričnega in netrajnostnega razvoja odražajo tako na naravnem okolju kot tudi na družbi. Ne glede na občasne gospodarske krize pomeni dosedanji gospodarski razvoj resno grožnjo prihodnjim rodovom, in to ne le človeškim. Zakon entropije je univerzalni zakon vesolja, ki mu tudi človek na Zemlji ne more ubežati. Dokazano je, da je večji del posledic, ki jih v okolju zaznavamo danes, antropogenega izvora, kar ne nazadnje potrjujejo tudi mnoge študije. Očitno je torej, da bo človek moral spremeniti del svojih ravnanj, predvsem pa temeljito premisliti svoj odnos do stalne gospo- darske rasti ter njenih dobrih in slabih posledic. Je morda rešitev nova ekološka etika, ki ne bo antropocentrična, ampak predvsem intrinzična – torej etika, ki ji trajnostni (uravnotežen, sonaraven) razvoj ne bo cilj, ampak sredstvo za dosego cilja? Bo morda pot do etike, ki bo odgovorno ravnala z okoljem in vsemi živimi bitji, krajša, ko bomo izkušnje starejših generacij prek ustreznega izobraževalnega koncepta prenašali na mlajše rodove? Morda. Na srečo so ti rodovi, ki so še kako dojemljivi za »novo« okoljsko/ekološko etiko, že med nami, saj vse skupaj povezuje usoda tega časa in prostora. To ni le naša osebna pravica in dolžnost, temveč, kot je razvidno iz članka, nas k odgovornemu ravnanju z okoljem obvezujejo tudi številni mednarodni dogovori.
In this paper a mathematical model for obtaining probability distribution of the knowledge testing results is proposed. Differences and similarities of this model and Item Response Theory (IRT) ...logistic model are discussed. Probability distributions of 10 items test results for low, middle and high ability populations selecting characteristic functions of the various difficulty items combinations are obtained. Entropy function values for these items combinations are counted. These results enable to formulate recomendations for test items selection for various testing groups according to their attainment level. Method of selection of a suitable item characteristic function based on the Kolmogorov compatibility test, is proposed. This method is illustrated by applying it to a discreet mathematics test item.
Prikazuje se postupak konstruiranja grafa zvanog impaktogram koji pokazuje suodnos između kodnih znakova svih mjernih mjesta signala kontrole kvalitete i kodnog znaka varijable izlazne kontrole ...kvalitete za svaki mjerni trenutak praćenja procesnih signala. Daje se postupak tumačenja rezultata impaktograma za proces kontrole kvalitete proizvodnje keramičkih pločica pod pretpostavkom ugođenosti strojeva.
Managers must make strategic decisions to cope with issues of uncertainty, customer service and the management of a company. The objective of this paper is to analyse the problem of optimisation and ...search of rational logistic decisions, taking into account the human factor and, in particular, the preferences of people who make decisions and implement them during the logistic activity of an enterprise. The problem of making optimal decisions for transportation of goods, taking into account the factor of urgency was investigated.
Previous studies have found that during aging a large number of biological structures such as tissues and organs loses its complexity and that such loss leads to reduced ability to adapt to ...physiological stress. However, so far there is no information on whether similar structural changes occur in individual cells and their genetic material. Structural complexity can be quantified in several ways. Recent studies have determined that the chromatin, as well as many other biological structures exhibit fractal characteristics in their morphology. The concept of fractals is based on the principle of self-similarity, or the fact that the lower parts of a physical or biological system resemble the system as a whole. The complexity of fractal structures can be measured by determining the fractal dimension and lacunarity as the two most important parameters of fractal analysis. In addition to the fractal analysis, textural analysis as a method is also frequently used. Textural analysis can determine the parameters of textural heterogeneity and disorganization (i.e. entropy) of biological structures. In our study, on the mouse experimental model, we studied age-related changes in chromatin structural complexity in the total of 10 cell populations in the thymus, spleen, kidney and liver. Also, we described changes in the complexity of the nuclear structure in a cell culture after the induction of DNA damage by UV radiation. The study was conducted on 80 male mice, originating from the experimental animal vivarium of the Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade. The pilot study was conducted on a group of 16 mice in which the first animal was a newborn, and each of the following animals was 30 days older than the previous one (the oldest animals were 450 days old). The main part of the study in laboratory animals, was conducted on a total of 64 animals which were divided into 8 age groups (n = 8): 0, 10, 20, 30, 120, 210, 300 and 390 days old. The experimental protocol was designed according to the following procedure: measurement of body mass, sacrifice by cervical dislocation, extirpation of the thymus, spleen, kidney and liver, fixation in Carnoy fixative, embedding in Paraplast, making of slices of thickness 5 microns. Slices of all four organs were then stained by hematoxylin / eosin and toluidine blue technique. Spleen and thymus was further stained by Gimza technique and kidney tissue with Azo carmine aniline blue (AZAN) method. After staining, we made digital micrographs of the tissues using the Olympus C-5060 Wide Zoom camera mounted on Olympus BX41 light microscope (1000x magnification, 100x immersion lens). Digital micrographs of tissue were made and processed similarly to our previous study (Pantic & Pantic, 2012). For all examined tissues, with the help of special software ImageJ of the National Institutes of Health (USA) and integrated plugins, we determined the mean value of fractal dimension, lacunarity, entropy, variance, angular second moment, textural contrast, textural correlation and inverse difference moment. We measured the structural complexity of chromatin in the following cell populations stained with hematoxylin / eosin technique: in thymus cortical and medullar lymphocytes and stromal cells; spleen follicular lymphocytes, and spleen erythroid precursor cells of the subcapsulary haematopoietic tissue; hepatocytes in the liver; kidney cells of proximal and distal tubules , collecting duct cells as well as macula densa cells. Analysis of individual nuclei was performed on the model of a similar protocol described in our previous studies (Pantic et al. 2012a, Pantic et al. 2012b). In the in vitro part of the study, cell line U251 was treated with UVB rays of wavelength 312 nm with a total duration of 15 minutes. A sample of 32 individual cells (paired sample) was monitored in 12 time points: before UV treatment, immediately after UV treatment, and 30min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 3.5h, 4h, 4.5h and 5h after the treatment. The first time point (immediately before UV treatment) was the control. With the help of ImageJ software for each cell and its nucleus at each time point the following parameters were determined: fractal dimension, lakunarnosti, entropy, angular second moment, textural contrasts, textural correlation, variance and inverse difference moment, in accordance with the above text. The results of our study indicate that the fractal complexity of nuclear chromatin decreases in postnatal development and aging in the cell populations of cortical and medullar thymic lymphocytes, epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules, macula densa cells and in hepatocytes in the liver. Disorder of nuclear chromatin in spleen erythroid precursor cells, measured by textural entropy increased with age. In postnatal development and aging significant reduction of tissue architecture complexity (measured by fractal dimension) was detected in the cortex and medulla of thymus, the cortex and medulla of the kidney, spleen hematopoietic tissue and liver lobuluses. The fractal dimension of tissue architecture was significantly correlated with the fractal dimension of chromatin in most examined tissues, and cell populations. After the induction of DNA damage in vitro, in cell culture, there was a significant decrease in cellular fractal dimension and chromatin lacunarity. These findings indicate that the intrinsic factors associated with the aging of cells, such as the accumulation of DNA damage and changes in the epigenetic regulation of chromatin play an important role in the aging of the investigated cell populations and tissues.
Prethodne studije su utvrdile da tokom starenja veliki broj bioloških struktura kao što su tkiva i organi gubi svoju kompleksnost i da takav gubitak vodi smanjenoj sposobnosti adaptacije na fiziološki stres. Međutim, za sada nema podataka da li se slične strukturne promene dešavaju na individualnim ćelijama i njihovom genetskom materijalu. Strukturna kompleksnost se može kvantifikovati na nekoliko načina. Skorašnje studije su utvrdile da hromatin, kao i mnoge druge biološke strukture u svojoj morfologiji ispoljavaju karakteristike fraktala. Koncept fraktala se u osnovi bazira na principu samosličnosti, odnosno na činjenici da manji delovi nekog fizičkog ili biološkog sistema nalikuju sistemu kao celini. Kompleksnost fraktalnih struktura se može meriti određivanjem fraktalne dimenzije i lakunarnosti kao dva najznačajnija parametra fraktalne analize. Kao dodatak fraktalnoj analizi, danas se često koristi i teksturalna analiza uz pomoć koje se mogu odrediti parametri teksturalne heterogenosti i neuređenosti biološke strukture kao što je entropija. U našoj studiji, na mišijem eksperimentalnom modelu, ispitivane su starosne promene u strukturnoj kompleksnosti nukleusnog hromatina na ukupno 10 ćelijskih populacija u timusu, slezini, bubregu i jetri. Takođe su opisane promene u kompleksnosti nukleusne strukture na kulturi ćelija nakon indukcije DNK oštećenja UV zračenjem. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 80 miševa muškog pola, poreklom iz Vivarijuma za eksperimentalne životinje Instituta za Medicinsku fiziologiju Medicinskog fakulteta u Beogradu. Pilot istraživanje je obavljeno na grupi od 16 miševa u kojoj je prva životinja bila novorođena, a svaka sledeća životinja je bila 30 dana starija od prethodne (najstarija životinja je bila stara 450 dana). Glavni deo istraživanja na eksperimentalnim životinjama je sproveden na ukupno 64 životinje podeljene u 8 starosnih grupa (n=8): 0, 10, 20, 30, 120, 210, 300 i 390 dana. Eksperimentalni protokol je dizajniran po sledećoj proceduri: merenje telesne mase, žrtvovanje životinja cervikalnom dislokacijom, ekstirpacija timusa, slezine, bubrega i jetre, fiksiranje u Carnoy fiksativu, kalupljenje u Paraplastu, pravljenje isečaka debljine 5 μm. Isečci tkiva sva četiri organa su potom obojeni tehnikama Hematoksilin/Eozin i Toluidin plavo. Tkivo slezine i timusa je dodatno obojeno Gimza metodom, a tkivo bubrega Azo carmine aniline blue (AZAN) metodom. Nakon bojenja, pristupilo se pravljenju digitalnih mikrografa tkiva uz pomoć Olympus C-5060 Wide Zoom kamere postavljene na Olympus BX41 svetlosni mikroskop (uveličanje 1000x, imerzioni objektiv 100x). Digitalni mikrografi tkiva su napravljeni i obrađeni po uzoru na našu prethodnu studiju (Pantic & Pantic, 2012). Za svako ispitivano tkivo, uz pomoć specijalnog softvera ImageJ Nacionalnog instituta za zdravlje (SAD) i specijalnih integrisanih podprograma određena je srednja vrednost fraktalne dimenzije, lakunarnosti, entropije, varijanse, angularnog drugog momenta, teksturalnog kontrasta, teksturalne korelacije i inverznog momenta razlike. Za merenje strukturne kompleksnosti hromatina korišćene su sledeće ćelijske populacije obojene hematoksilin/eozin tehnikom: u timusu kortikalni i medularni timociti i stromalne ćelije; u slezini limfociti folikula, i eritroidne prekurzorske ćelije subkapsularnog hematopoeznog tkiva; u jetri hepatociti; u bubregu ćelije proksimalnih i distalnih tubula, ćelije sabirnih kanalića kao i ćelije macule dense. Analiza pojedinačnih jedara je obavljena po uzoru na sličan protokol opisan u našim prethodnim studijama (Pantic et al. 2012a, Pantic et al. 2012b). U in vitro delu studije ćelije linije U251 su tretirane UVB zracima talasne dužine 312 nm u ukupnom trajanju od 15 minuta. Uzorak od 32 individualne ćelije (vezani uzorak) je praćen kroz 12 vremenskih tačaka: pre UV tretmana, odmah nakon UV tretmana, kao i 30min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 3.5h, 4h, 4.5h i 5h nakon tretmana. Prva vremenska tačka (neposredno pre UV tretmana) predstavljala je kontrolu. Uz pomoć ImageJ softvera za svaku ćeliju i njeno jedro u svakoj vremenskoj tački određena je vrednost fraktalne dimenzije, lakunarnosti, entropije, angularnog drugog momenta, teksturalnog kontrasta, teksturalne korelacije, varijanse i inverznog momenta razlike, u skladu sa gore navedenim tekstom. Rezultati naše studije su
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti mogućnost upotrebe raspodjele energije vodikovih veza (-E) i
informacijskoteorijskih karakteristika u krvnom serumu kao dijagnostičkih markera za tumorsku ...bolest na modelu hrčka s Graffi-jevim tumorom. Zlatni sirijski hrčci nasumično su podijeljeni u dvije skupine: zdravu kontrolnu i pokusnu skupinu s inokuliranim stanicama Graffi-jevog tumora. Raspodjela energija vodikovih veza (-E) u uzorcima krvnog seruma ispitivana je neravnotežnim procesom isparavanja kapljica i sekvencijalnim mjerenjem njihovog kuta vlaženja (Non-equilibrium Energy Spectrum (NES)). Prema dobivenim mjerenjima prosječna energija vodikove veze eksperimentalnih uzoraka bila je znatno niža od one kontrolnih. U eksperimentalnim uzorcima uočeni su pomaci u NES prema smanjenju energije vodikovih veza na razinama energije od 0,0937, 0,1187, 0,1212, 0,1337 i 0,1387 eV, te dodatna populacija na razinama energije od 0,0987, 0,1012, 0,1137 i 0,1237 eV u usporedbi s kontrolama. Za utvrđivanje mogućih razlika između eksperimentalnog i kontrolnog spektra korištene su informacijsko-teorijske mjere Shannonove entropije, Varijacije informacije i Transformacijske informacijske entropije. Iako su različite u svojim definicijama, nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između tri informacijsko-teorijske mjere za eksperimentalne i kontrolne uzorke.
Suvremeno univerzalno značenje cjelokupnog ljudskog stvaralačkog iskustva potiče znanstveni interes za fenomene kulture koji koncentriraju i šire teorije, ideje i vjerovanja koja imaju univerzalno ...značenje i uzrokuju epohalne promjene na ogromnim prostorima. Religija, kao način čovjekova duhovnog i praktičnog ovladavanja svijetom, dio je kulture koji neprestano mijenja svoje oblike, odbacuje neke i odijeva se drugima, učvršćujući se u kulturne sustave i aktivno utječući na procese njihova samoorganiziranja i samoregulacije. Ovom se studijom istražuje religijski sinkretizam kao način pretvaranja komponenata različitog reda postojanja u snažan kulturno-kreativni potencijal. Svrha rada je proučiti religijski sinkretizam kao složeni višerazinski proces uzajamnog utjecaja različitih vrsta religija, svetih ideoloških slika i kulturnih arhetipova (etičkih, estetskih, umjetničkih). Parametri otvorenosti, miješanje i zamućivanje granica omogućuju da se religiozni sinkretizam smatra kreativnim čimbenikom kulture, dajući mu potreban integritet i stvarno značenje. Analiza tradicionalnih oblika refleksije i regulacije društveno-kulturnih procesa (mit, ritual, religija, umjetnost) otkriva sinkretizam kao način ispunjavanja svetog i religioznog snažnom kulturno-kreativnom snagom. Autorica otkriva entropijsku bit religioznog sinkretizma i njegovu stvaralačku ulogu u svladavanju fragmentacije, pojednostavljenja i monizma kulturom (posebno u tumačenju pojmova života i smrti, bića i ničega, lijepog i ružnog, prostora i vremena, vrline, duše, vjere). Metodološka osnova istraživanja oblikovana je transdisciplinarnim pristupom uspostavljanju sustavne interakcije životnog stava strukturno funkcionalne i povijesne analize s kulturnim i filozofskim promišljanjem. Teorijski zaključci sadržani u radu otvaraju nove mogućnosti za daljnje proučavanje utjecaja religija na kreativnost kulturnih sustava. Proučavanje kulturno-kreativnog potencijala religijskog sinkretizma jasno pokazuje jedinstvo primarnih uzroka bića i tako omogućuje praktično smanjenje stupnja suvremene međuvjerske napetosti.