acts of terrorism and radicalism that have taken place in Indonesia often lead fundamental questions about the Indonesian nation’s sense of nationalism. Moreover, the perpetrators of the action are ...Indonesian citizens, so it is interesting to study in more depth howithe Indonesianness of Indonesian citizens (WNI), so it is interesting to study more deeply how Indonesian citizens are when events occur that sahe Indonesia’s diversity. Indonesia, which is plural and multi-cultural, was shaken by incidents of radicalism and terrorism. This paper aims to provide an overview regarding the influence of religious ethnocentrism on the phenomenon of lone-wolf terrorism in Indonesia. This paper was prepared using a qualitative approach, namely a deks study or literature review. Some of the data used in qualitative research with the desk study model are literatur related to the research issues raised. Data sources can be in the form of research result, mass medianews, report and previous studies that have discussed the issues on cultural, Islamic and Indonesian discourses are used to reveal literature data related to the potential for terrorism. The result show that thae emergence of violence follows a predictable pattern, such as starting with hate speech directed at other groups and progessing to efforts to dehumanizw or promote the belief within their own group that other groups are”less humane”. At this time, views that look down on other groups become a wick that fuels agrressive behavior and leads to terrible deeds and situation. Seeing that one’s self is better than other parties also lead to give birth to act of terrorism that are carried out individually or known as lone wolves. The threat of terrorism with the lone wolf type has become a new trend in commiting acts of terror
A szerzők jelen tanulmányukban a fogyasztói etnocentrizmus idegi korrelációit vizsgálták 16 fő önkéntes részvételével, block-design fMRI-paradigma alkalmazásával. Az inger bemutatása (vagyis a ...stimulációs blokkok fő hatása) megmutatta a várt erős kétoldali occipitalis, occipito-temporális és alacsonyabb temporális lebeny aktivitást, amely összhangban van a vizuális rendszer ventralis feldolgozási folyamatával. Ezen felül megfigyelték az inger ismertségével kapcsolatos pozitív modulációs hatást az elülső cingularis kéregben (ACC), valamint a negatív modulációs hatásokat a bal oldali temporális lebeny alsó részén és bilateralisan a gyrus postcentralisokban. Eredményeik feltárták az ismertség neurológiai hátterét, ami hozzájárulhat a fogyasztói döntések hátterében húzódó neurológiai folyamatok jobb megértéséhez.
Conjoint analysis is a common tool for studying political preferences. The method disentangles patterns in respondents’ favorability toward complex, multidimensional objects, such as candidates or ...policies. Most conjoints rely upon a fully randomized design to generate average marginal component effects (AMCEs). They measure the degree to which a given value of a conjoint profile feature increases, or decreases, respondents’ support for the overall profile relative to a baseline, averaging across all respondents and other features. While the AMCE has a clear causal interpretation (about the effect of features), most published conjoint analyses also use AMCEs to describe levels of favorability. This often means comparing AMCEs among respondent subgroups. We show that using conditional AMCEs to describe the degree of subgroup agreement can be misleading as regression interactions are sensitive to the reference category used in the analysis. This leads to inferences about subgroup differences in preferences that have arbitrary sign, size, and significance. We demonstrate the problem using examples drawn from published articles and provide suggestions for improved reporting and interpretation using marginal means and an omnibus F-test. Given the accelerating use of these designs in political science, we offer advice for best practice in analysis and presentation of results.
This study aims to theorize the relationship between acculturation and consumer ethnocentrism for ethnic group minorities. Our study seeks to achieve two interrelated goals. The first is to explore ...key factors (ethnic identification, religious commitment, and patriotic feelings toward home country) that shape Arab-Muslim Americans' acculturation level. The second is to extend the conceptual boundaries of consumer ethnocentrism by exploring acculturation impacts on Arab-Muslim Americans' ethnocentric tendencies toward their home county, and toward Arab countries (co-ethnic countries). Data were collected from 168 Arab-Muslim Americans living in the US Northeast Region. We found that Arab-Muslim Americans' ethnic identification, religious commitment, and patriotism drive significant negative influences on their acculturation process. The findings lend credence to our postulation of a negative influence of the level of Arab-Muslim Americans' acculturation on their ethnocentric tendencies toward home country, thus further corroborating the notion that immigrants' home-country ethnocentrism can be predicted on their acculturation levels.
The tourism phenomenon essentially entails a quest and encounter with the otherness, which are often articulated in the traveler’s involvement with worlds, values, and lives of those inhabiting other ...cultures. Tourists however, as ordinary people, are not immune to intergroup biases, which constitute important behavioral determinants. Drawing on seminal accounts from intercultural communication, marketing, and psychology, the authors propose a Generalized Approach to Tourist Ethnocentrism (GATE) which considers biased perceptions toward out-group members and their culture, while moving beyond the traditional scope of the home country’s economy. Additionally, the study explored and modeled the Generalized Ethnocentrism (GenE) scale for application in tourism research. A second data set (n=302) further confirmed the psychometric properties, along with the fit and robustness of the proposed model. The GenE is presented to tourism research as a Type II reflective first-order formative second-order construct, whose causal indicators include cultural bias and personal prejudice. Research implications are discussed.
Consumer ethnocentrism (CE) is a popular construct in international marketing research and is generally measured using the CETSCALE, a reliable scale with proven predictive validity but with limited ...evidence about its construct validity, dimensionality and cross-cultural measurement invariance. This note addresses these gaps by reconceptualizing CE as an attitude construct consisting of three dimensions: (1) affective reaction, (2) cognitive bias and (3) behavioral preference. A revised CE scale (CES) is developed and tested using two empirical studies with adult consumers from four different countries (China, India, UK and USA), showing that CES is a reliable, valid and cross-culturally invariant scale and it explains greater variance than the CETSCALE and other similar scales, in customer evaluations and behavioral intentions for a wide range of products and services.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which personal values, moral foundations and gender-role identities affect, in sequence, consumers' constructions of their ethnocentric ...and cosmopolitan orientations. Achieving a better understanding of the psychological makeup of consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism should help managers better design international market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe study's conceptual framework is anchored in attitude and values theories, and focuses on the social categorizations that consumers make and how these contribute to the formation of their ethnocentric and cosmopolitan orientations. Drawing data from consumers living in five European countries, we test our theoretical conjectures through structural equation modeling approaches, including multigroup analysis at the country level, as well as the identification and scrutiny of potential pan-European consumer segments.FindingsFindings show that personal values, moral foundations and gender-role identities do exert direct and indirect (partially mediated) effects on the formation of consumers' ethnocentric and cosmopolitan orientations. These provide numerous insights for managers in terms of how they can segment domestic and international markets, as well as how to position products and communicate brand strategies.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused on consumers' personal and role identities and offers implications based on data gathered from a sample of five European countries. Future work should broaden this perspective by including other identity facets, such as religious and ethnic identities, as well as product-category and brand-specific outcomes, in order to help develop a more comprehensive picture of the psychology underpinning consumers' identity-related orientations, and their effects on consumer behavior. Future research should also study these issues in a broader geographical context, by including national markets that have culturally diverse populations as well as places with dissimilar cultural and economic profiles.Originality/valueThe study shows that individuals' personal values, moral foundations and gender roles have a strong effect on the formation of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism orientations. Consideration of how these antecedent constructs operate in concert to shape consumers' in- versus out-group orientations has been overlooked in the international marketing literature. Beyond the ramifications for theory, the study offers numerous substantive managerial implications in terms of how consumers are likely to respond to local and global/foreign products/brands based on these orientations.
Building on the limited literature on consumer xenocentrism, this study investigates the route through which the construct impacts consumers' purchase intentions for (a) domestic, (b) foreign ...genuine, and (c) foreign counterfeit brands, while controlling for product category effects and the impact of consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism. Drawing on system justification theory and based on a sample of Russian consumers (N = 262), it is shown that a serial mediation model, with product-country image and brand attitudes as intervening variables, effectively describes the route through which consumer xenocentrism (a) positively influences intentions to buy genuine foreign brands, and (b) negatively influences purchase intentions for domestic brands. These effects of consumer xenocentrism are observed over and above the influences of ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism and after controlling for brand familiarity, price sensitivity and product category involvement. The results also show that xenocentrism is not able to explain consumers' willingness to buy (foreign) counterfeit brands.
In this essay, we critique the usage of the term ‘institutional void’ to characterize non-Western contexts in organizational studies. We explore how ‘conceptual stretching’ of institutional voids – ...specifically, the theoretical and geographic expansion of the concept – has led not only to poor construct clarity, but also pejorative labelling of non-Western countries. We argue that research using this term perpetuates an ethnocentric bias by deifying market development and overlooking the richness and power of informal and non-market institutions in shaping local economic activity. We call for an ‘epistemological rupture’ to decolonize organizational scholarship in non-Western settings and facilitate contextually grounded research approaches that allow for more indigenous theorization.
There is an emergent identity work perspective that draws on multiple intertwined streams of established identities theorizing and identities-related research. This perspective is characterized ...loosely by five broad sets of assumptions: (i) selves are reflexive and identities actively worked on, both in soliloquy and social interaction; (ii) identities are multiple, fluid and rarely fully coherent; (iii) identities are constructed within relations of power; (iv) identities are not helpfully described as either positive or authentic; and (v) identities are both interesting per se and integral to processes of organizing. Recognition of an emergent identity work perspective is valuable in part because this may act as a counterbalance to centrifugal tendencies – fed by myopia, insularity and ethnocentrism – which might otherwise lead to blinkered research and fragmentation. The contribution of this article is to provide a baseline for identity work scholars, and to promote collective critical reflection on identities in and around organizations.
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