The discipline of International Relations (IR) does not reflect the voices, experiences, knowledge claims, and contributions of the vast majority of the societies and states in the world, and often ...marginalizes those outside the core countries of the West. With IR scholars around the world seeking to find their own voices and reexamining their own traditions, our challenge now is to chart a course toward a truly inclusive discipline, recognizing its multiple and diverse foundations. This article presents the notion of a "Global IR" that transcends the divide between the West and the Rest. The first part of the article outlines six main dimensions of Global IR: commitment to pluralistic universalism, grounding in world history, redefining existing IR theories and methods and building new ones from societies hitherto ignored as sources of IR knowledge, integrating the study of regions and regionalisms into the central concerns of IR, avoiding ethnocentrism and exceptionalism irrespective of source and form, and recognizing a broader conception of agency with material and ideational elements that includes resistance, normative action, and local constructions of global order. It then outlines an agenda for research that supports the Global IR idea. Key element of the agenda includes comparative studies of international systems that look past and beyond the Westphalian form, conceptualizing the nature and characteristics of a post-Western world order that might be termed as a Multiplex World, expanding the study of regionalisms and regional orders beyond Eurocentric models, building synergy between disciplinary and area studies approaches, expanding our investigations into the two-way diffusion of ideas and norms, and investigating the multiple and diverse ways in which civilizations encounter each other, which includes peaceful interactions and mutual learning. The challenge of building a Global IR does not mean a one-size-fits-all approach; rather, it compels us to recognize the diversity that exists in our world, seek common ground, and resolve conflicts.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of consumer ethnocentrism, country image, functional food image, subjective knowledge and health consciousness in predicting purchase ...intention of imported functional foods using the theory of planned behavior.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 361 Chinese consumers from 20 to 60 year old who have purchased Korean functional foods participated in this study using an online survey. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the hypotheses.
Findings
Consumer ethnocentrism had a negative effect on the intention to purchase Korean functional food, but the image of Korean functional foods, subjective knowledge and health consciousness positively affected intention to purchase Korean functional foods. Country image had a positive effect on the image of Korean functional foods. Attitude and perceived behavioral control had a positive effect on the intention to purchase Korean functional foods.
Originality/value
This study combined social and personal factors to explain Chinese consumer intention to purchase imported Korean functional foods.
This study analyzes the negative effects of ethnocentrism in My Big Fat Greek Wedding movie by Joel Zwick. The data were in the form of dialogues and monologues collected by watching the movie, ...reading the script, identifying the data based on the research problem, and classifying the data.. Based on the findings, there are three negative effects of ethnocentrism shown by ethnocentric people. First, ethnocentrism builds a strong belief that their culture is superior to others. Second, ethnocentric people will perform high level of egocentrism. Third, ethnocentrism will affect inter-cultural communication in negative way. These three negative effects happen because ethnocentric people tend to focus only in group and evaluate other cultures based on their standards.
We investigate consumer preferences for domestically produced white wines compared to foreign wines in Australia. A discrete choice experiment was used to analyze young Australian consumers' ...preferences regarding white wine and a latent class model was estimated to take preference heterogeneity into account. We examine the relationship between consumers' ethnocentrism and preferences for wine from a specific origin. Highly ethnocentric Australian wine consumers are found to strongly prefer Australian wines and to a lesser extent wine from New Zealand compared to otherwise identical French wine, confirming a country-of-origin effect. Carefully considering the information to include on wine labels helps to stimulate consumer demand in certain market segments. Producers can use information regarding consumer preferences for specific wine characteristics to put an attractive and profitable product on the market. For instance, Australian wines might have a domestic advantage over similar foreign wines, if this 'country of origin' is brought to the consumers' attention. Hence, labeling wine as 'Made in Australia' is likely to increase the willingness to buy wines amongst a significant subgroup of Australian consumers aged 18-38. Adding other specific labels such as gold or silver medals to the bottle can also attract specific customer segments.
•Consumer valuation of local-regional-traditional food products is very high.•Local-regional-traditional foods are more valued than other foods.•Consumer ethnocentrism is related to the effective ...purchase of local-regional-traditional food.•The effects of consumer ethnocentrism can be direct and/or indirect.•The effects of consumer ethnocentrism vary among different product categories.
Previous literature has addressed the concepts of local products, regional products and traditional products as if they were independent concepts. However, in practice, many food products combine all three concepts. The objectives of this paper are as follows: first, to explore the valuation of food products that have local, regional and traditional features through the analysis of specific product categories; second, to study the possible link between the level of consumer ethnocentrism and the valuation and effective purchase of local-regional-traditional food.
The results show that consumers value these products highly and buy them in high proportions. In addition, levels of consumer ethnocentrism are sometimes, but not always, related to the actual purchase of these local-regional-traditional food products. This finding highlights the need to include a product’s category in analyses of the effects of consumer ethnocentrism.
The majority of previous studies examine the consumer’s valuation and intention to buy local or traditional products at a general or abstract level, which does not allow respondents to evaluate a specific food product that they can find in the market and consume. An important contribution of this work is its level of analysis: we analyze specific food product categories in two different geographic environments in Spain.
This article is aimed to raising awareness for pluralistic Indonesian. Awareness to be able to appreciate anything about the differences in Indonesia, including those who are from Papua. Indonesia is ...now has any issues of tolerance. Although there are many public slogans or appelas to be tolerant, in fact not a few cases of intolerant attitudes occur. There are so many cases that lead to racism in Papuans. Ethnocentrism attitude told us how someone from a certain group feels better than another group. This will be linked to the intolerant attitudes to the Indonesian people towards Papuans, and learning study implications of what happened from that situation. The purpose of this article is to build awareness of all Indonesians to reduce their intolerant attitude towards Papuans. This article used the method of literature review. Some of the literature taken is, among others, related to the literacy of tolerance, Papuans culture and some cases of Indonesian intolernace towards Papuans. The results of research through this literature study found that intolerant cases carried out by non-Papuans against Papuans had implications or the attitude of Papuans who became inferior, lacked confident and felt unappreciated.
This study sought to investigate how cosmopolitanism and ethnocentrism can explain individual differences in global literacy. The study sample consisted of 730 participants (353 men and 377 women) ...ranging in age from 20 to 59 years (M = 40.16, SD = 10.78). After controlling for demographic variables, hierarchical regression analysis revealed that most subscales of cosmopolitanism, as well as a subscale of ethnocentrism were positively associated with global literacy. These findings challenge the view that a cosmopolitan orientation is superior, while an ethnocentric orientation is not conducive to fostering a global perspective. This study highlights the importance of valuing, maintaining, and identifying with one's own culture and values to obtain a global perspective. Our findings provide suggestions for fostering the development of personal characteristics that promote global literacy. Specifically, rather than focusing on resisting ethnocentrism, promoting global literacy can be achieved by advocating cosmopolitanism and encouraging the simultaneous existence of multiple cultural identifications at the local, national, and global levels.
•Cosmopolitanism was positively associated with global literacy.•Ethnocentrism was also positively associated with global literacy.•Cosmopolitanism and ethnocentrism are not mutually exclusive.•Both cosmopolitan and ethnocentric personal dispositions may cultivate global literacy.•The coexistence of cultural identifications at the local and global levels is crucial.
Research on international shopping has the potential of elucidating collective issues such as the eminence of protectionist discourse. Concomitantly, the authors propose a Theory of Social Class ...Divide (SCD) that explains how the judgments of a consumer segment diverge from classical predictions. The theory received support in an international shopping context, showing that the behavior of lower‐class shoppers diverges from the prediction of consumer ethnocentrism theory. In the two studies, which comprised different methods (cross‐sectional and experimental), measures of social class (objective and subjective), and samples (US and Canadian), lower‐class consumers were notably less affected by their ethnocentrism than upper‐class consumers. Lower‐class consumers generally showed, regardless of their ethnocentrism, low attitudes, and shopping intentions toward foreign retailers. The results underline the ramifications of a widening divide in social class on international marketing, and have potential implications in germane fields such as political science.
Despite growing evidence about differences in the attitudes and behaviors of consumers in emerging and developed markets, there is little research on the differences in country of origin (COO) ...effects on their evaluation, behavioral intentions (BIs), and actual purchase of imported products. This paper introduces a new conceptual framework incorporating consumer ethnocentrism (CET), materialism (MAT), and value consciousness (VC) to hypothesize several differences in the influence of COO effects on consumers from developed and emerging markets. A web-based study with 1752 consumers in four countries representing two developed markets (the UK and the USA) and two emerging markets (China and India) shows significant differences in the moderating influence of CET, MAT, and VC on the effects of COO on the evaluations and BIs for a fictitious passenger car brand, and on the actual choice of car brands owned by them. The findings highlight the importance of looking beyond CET at other relevant psychographic variables to understand the differences in motivations underlying consumer perceptions and behavior towards imported products.
This study aims to assess the impact of changes in international business modes on consumer ethnocentrism. The study utilizes a quantitative research approach and is theoretically grounded in the ...resource‐based view. Data was collected from Bangladesh, China, India, and Malaysia using the consumer ethnocentrism tendencies scale (CETSCALE), and analyzed using quantitative methods. The results indicate that changes in international entry modes have an impact on the degree of consumer ethnocentrism. Across all countries studied, the highest level of consumer ethnocentrism was found for imported products, and this degree and intensity decreased when the entry modes changed from importing to joint venturing and FDI. This study contributes to the literature on both international business and consumer behavior by integrating the two fields, resulting in a robust theoretical contribution. The findings also suggest that the appropriate IB mode can act as a resource.
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