Objective
To identify latent profiles of family environments among transgender adults and to examine the relationships between these profiles and mental and physical health.
Background
How a ...family‐of‐origin responds to a transgender family member has significant implications for that individual's mental and physical health. However, the extant research on the health of transgender people has largely relied on a binary conceptualization of family environments that has been critiqued as simplistic, reductionistic, and misrepresentative. To date, no known quantitative studies have assessed transgender family environments beyond this ostensibly antiquated conceptualization.
Method
Data were collected in 2018 from transgender adults via Amazon's MTurk (N = 873). Participants completed questionnaires about their family environment, experiences of minority stress, mental and physical health, and quality of life.
Results
Latent profile analysis yielded five profiles of transgender family environments: disengaged; accepting and affirming; repudiating; moderate family ambiguity; and high family ambiguity. Over half of respondents were assigned membership to one of the two ambiguity profiles (56.4%). Distal regression models demonstrated that, relative to embracing and affirming, membership in each of the other four profiles was negatively associated with both mental and physical health. Participants assigned to the ambiguity profiles did not statistically differ on health outcomes when compared to those in the repudiating profile.
Conclusion
Ambiguity is prevalent in transgender people's families‐of‐origin. It also appears equally detrimental as family rejection is to the mental and physical health of transgender adults.
To better understand the long-term implications of coparenting quality for adult child outcomes, we examined the associations between coparenting quality in the family of origin (Generation 1; G1), ...and attachment avoidance and anxiety and perceived relationship functioning of new parents (Generation 2; G2) using a dyadic approach. Dual-earner families expecting their first child (n = 182) were followed across the transition to parenthood and assessed at the third trimester of pregnancy (3T) and 9 months after childbirth (9M). At 3T, parents reported on the coparenting quality in their families of origin, and attachment avoidance and anxiety. At 9M, the participants reported their perceptions of couple relationship functioning-dyadic adjustment and negative interaction. We found that at 9M, G1's coparenting quality predicted not only G2's own perceptions but also G2's partners' perceptions of relationship functioning. Further, mediational analyses showed that parents' G1 coparenting quality was associated with higher G2 self- and partner-perceived dyadic adjustment and lower G2 self-perceived negative interaction through G2 parents' lower attachment anxiety and avoidance. G1 coparenting quality was negatively associated with G2 partner-perceived negative interaction through G2 parents' lower attachment anxiety. Our findings suggest that coparenting relationships have long-term implications for human development even into adulthood.
Objective
Our goal is to measure change over time in the predictors of marital dissolution in the United States.
Background
The last comprehensive comparative analysis of predictors of marital ...dissolution is more than 20 years out of date. Rising inequality in the United States requires a fresh look at the predictors of marital dissolution. The Diverging Destinies hypothesis predicts greater inequality over time in the divorce rate between groups, whereas the Converging Destinies hypothesis predicts convergence in divorce rates.
Method
We use a variety of event history models to examine the change over time in race, ethnicity, intermarriage, premarital cohabitation, education, teen marriages, and family of origin intactness as predictors of marital dissolution using data on first marriages from the National Survey of Family Growth covering seven decades of marital histories. We examine racial differences in the nonracial predictors of divorce.
Results
In the post‐Civil Rights era, Black women's and White women's marital dissolution rates converged. In the most recent marriage cohorts, marital dissolution rates for Black women have increased relative to White women and teen marriage is increasingly associated with divorce. Women without the BA degree appear to be increasingly at risk for divorce. We find that wives from racial minority groups have divorce rates that are less impacted by premarital cohabitation, low education, and teen marriage.
Conclusion
The demographic profile of women at marriage has changed dramatically, while the predictors of divorce have changed modestly. Where there are changes in the predictors of divorce, we find more support for Diverging Destinies.
Radical housing reform has triggered tremendous changes in both housing supply and housing demand in China over the past four decades, leading to apparent generational fractures in homeownership. In ...contrast to the rising age of first dwelling purchasers in some Western countries, younger cohorts in China are entering homeownership at increasingly younger ages despite rising housing prices. Based on a retrospective survey conducted in Shanghai in 2018 and 2019, this study examines the changing roles of family formation and parental background in affecting the timing of entering homeownership across different cohorts. Employing event history analyses, this study demonstrates that transitions to first homeownership have become synchronised with family formation among younger cohorts, which implies the social norm of ‘marital home’. Furthermore, the results reveal that parental background is increasingly influential in determining the timing of first home purchase; men and individuals from one-child families are more likely to be the beneficiary of parental help to enter homeownership. Through the lens of cohort, this study contributes to understanding the changing role of family formation and family of origin, which are shaped by institutional and cultural transformations in China. The intensified intergenerational transmission leads to exacerbation of horizontal housing inequality, that is, some achieving homeownership at a younger age while others being shunned from homeownership in the context of worsening housing affordability.
Lesbian and gay adults’ self-reported experiences of violence from family of origin in adulthood have been less examined in previous research on interpersonal violence from intimate others. In China, ...while it has been understood that lesbians and gay men face mounting pressure to marry and have children, there is little empirical evidence on their experiences of violence from family of origin. This paper analyzes self-reported experiences of negative treatment and violence from a larger-scale study in China of 11,048 Chinese lesbian and gay cisgender adults. The majority of Chinese lesbians and gay men felt pressure to get married and have children (70.4%), and experienced different forms of negative treatment and violence from their family members based on sexual orientation (54.2%). A significant gender difference was observed. This paper provides novel empirical evidence for the lived experiences of lesbians and gay men in China and bears implications for China’s Anti-domestic Violence Law.
The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of healing from family rejection among transgender and nonbinary Latinx individuals. Participants were asked how they navigated family dynamics ...related to gender identity and specific behaviors or resources that promoted their healing from experiences of family rejection. Data from 12 interviews with Latinx nonbinary and transgender adults were analyzed through a critical-constructivist grounded theory method resulting in a hierarchy composed of three clusters related to the core category (healing from family rejection leads to the recreation of diasporic identity and community as one learns to live authentically in their ethnic/racial gendered expression). These clusters included recreation of the family system, community-based cultural healing, and autonomy in trans identity and psychological well-being. Relevant contributions to research and implications for psychologists are reviewed: (a) Latinx diasporic identity formation is facilitated through the reconstruction of familial relationships and cultural healing, and (b) chosen family and supportive community networks may adopt the responsibility of ethnic-racial socialization after proximity to family of origin is lost.
Public Significance Statement
This study analyzed data from 12 interviews to examine how Latinx transgender and nonbinary individuals heal from experiences of family rejection. The findings presented suggest that transgender and nonbinary Latinx individuals describe healing from family rejection by engaging in a recreation of their diasporic identity and communities while coming into an affirming racial/ethnic gendered expression.
Based on a developmental contextual perspective advocated by Vondracek, Lerner, and Schulenberg, this article provides a comprehensive review of the research published since 1980related to family of ...origin influences on career developmentandoccupational choice. Because individuals are most likely to seek assistance with career decisions from family members, it is important that counseling psychologists understand how families can have a positive influence and facilitate career development. Influential family contextual factors are identified within four developmentallevels (i.e., children, adolescents, college students/young adults, and adults). Across the lifespan, both family structure variables (e.g., parents’ occupations) and family process variables (e.g., warmth, support, attachment, autonomy) were found to influence a host of career constructs; however, the process by which families influence career development is complex and is affected by many contextual factors such as race, gender, and age. Based on this comprehensivereview, implicationsfor counselingresearch andpracticeare discussed.
The current study evaluated the intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting, substance use, and emotional distress across generations and the association with child aggression. The study ...included 218 Generation 1 (G1) mothers and fathers, their adolescent (Generation 2; G2) who participated from middle adolescence through adulthood, and the 3rd-generation (G3) child between ages 3-5 years and 6-10 years. G1 behavior was examined when G2 was 16 and 18 years old; G2 alcohol problems and marijuana use were assessed when G2 was 19 and 21 years old. G2 emotional distress and harsh parenting were examined when the G3 child was between 3 and 5 years old. Finally, G3 aggression was assessed between 6 and 10 years old. Results showed continuity of G1 behavior when G2 was in adolescence to G2 behavior in adulthood. G1 alcohol problems and G1 harsh parenting were both associated with G3 aggression through G2 alcohol problems, G2 emotional distress, and G2 harsh parenting. Results suggest that G1 problem behavior as experienced by G2 adolescents in the family of origin plays an important role in G2 alcohol problems in emerging adulthood, which leads to G2 emotional distress and G2 harsh parenting in adulthood, which is related to G3 aggression in the early elementary school years.
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the role of family of origin functioning and perceived parenting styles in explaining the meanings that individuals attribute to the concept of heterosexual ...marriage in a Turkish sample. Method: One hundred seventy-five Turkish individuals reached by online-sampling were included in the study. In the data analysis, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted.Fındıngs: Analysis results showed that while the predictivity of affective responsiveness, communication, behavioral control, and roles dimensions of the family of origin functioning were found significant, it was seen that emotionally depriving mother/father, normative mother/father, exploitative/abusive father, belittling/criticizing father, and conditional/achievement father perceptions shape the concept of marriage. Conclusıon: This study showed that the elements related to the family of origin system and perceived parenting styles play a role in the formation of meanings that individuals attribute to heterosexual marriage.
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