A holistic view of the Bengal–Nicobar Fan system requires sampling the full sedimentary section of the Nicobar Fan, which was achieved for the first time by International Ocean Discovery Program ...(IODP) Expedition 362 west of North Sumatra. We identified a distinct rise in sediment accumulation rate (SAR) beginning ∼9.5 Ma and reaching 250–350 m/Myr in the 9.5–2 Ma interval, which equal or far exceed rates on the Bengal Fan at similar latitudes. This marked rise in SAR and a constant Himalayan-derived provenance necessitates a major restructuring of sediment routing in the Bengal–Nicobar submarine fan. This coincides with the inversion of the Eastern Himalayan Shillong Plateau and encroachment of the west-propagating Indo–Burmese wedge, which reduced continental accommodation space and increased sediment supply directly to the fan. Our results challenge a commonly held view that changes in sediment flux seen in the Bengal–Nicobar submarine fan were caused by discrete tectonic or climatic events acting on the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau. Instead, an interplay of tectonic and climatic processes caused the fan system to develop by punctuated changes rather than gradual progradation.
•Sediment accumulation rates in Nicobar Fan abruptly increase 9.5 Ma.•Increased sediment flux to eastern Indian Ocean and restructuring of sediment routing.•Nicobar Fan holds significant record of Indian Ocean sedimentation in late Neogene.•Shillong Plateau and Indo–Burmese wedge uplift drive sediment south in late Miocene.
In recent years, geeks have become chic, and the fashion and beauty industries have responded to this trend with a plethora of fashion-forward merchandise aimed at the increasingly lucrative fan ...demographic. This mainstreaming of fan identity is reflected in the glut of pop culture T-shirts lining the aisles of big box retailers as well as the proliferation of fan-focused lifestyle brands and digital retailers over the past decade. While fashion and beauty have long been integrated into the media industry with tie-in lines, franchise products, and other forms of merchandise, there has been limited study of fans’ relationship to these items and industries. Sartorial Fandom shines a spotlight on the fashion and beauty cultures that undergird fandoms, considering the retailers, branded products, and fan-made objects that serve as forms of identity expression. This collection is invested in the subcultural and mainstream expression of style and in the spaces where the two intersect. Fan culture is, in many respects, an optimal space to situate a study of style because fandom itself is often situated between the subcultural and the mainstream. Collectively, the chapters in this anthology explore how various axes of lived identity interact with a growing movement to consider fandom as a lifestyle category, ultimately contending that sartorial practices are central to fan expression but also indicative of the primacy of fandom in contemporary taste cultures.
It is well established that sedimentary margins grow by sediments bypassing through shelf- and slope-incising canyons onto the basin floor and by sediments being deposited incrementally across ...clinoforming and prograding margins. However, we argue that these two distinctive types of deep-water sediment supply to the basin floor and to the margin are generally not operating at the same time and should not be seen as integral parts of a single model. When shelf-incising canyons were actively bypassing sediments across the margin, the margin itself was not prograding, and vice versa.
We present stratigraphic data for some 111 global examples of shelf- and slope-incising canyons and their linked basin-floor sediments, and we provide criteria to distinguish them from prograding margins fed by shelf-edge deltas and their linked slope channels and toe-of-slope fans. The defining character of the canyon feeding system is basin-floor sediment aggradation and the onlapping of this stratigraphy against an eroded basin margin. For many of our examples this onlap persists for millions to tens of millions of years and is especially prolonged in periods of persistent high eustatic sea level. This is in clear contrast to the downlapping stratigraphy that dominates during intervals of high sediment supply from the shelf, and active margin accretion. Some 60% of the ancient canyon/basin-floor fan systems are inferred to have been sourced by canyons tapping longshore drift in littoral cells; they are inferred because with canyon capture, tapped littoral cells are generally depleted and not preserved. In other cases, shelf-incising canyons tapped documented deltas on the inner or middle shelf, but in some other cases, a deltaic or riverine source was inferred.
Canyon cutting and initial sediment bypass through the canyons are chiefly associated with initially ‘out-of-grade’ margins—for example, where a carbonate margin has foundered and oversteepened or where large-scale collapse of aggradational and oversteepened clastic shelf edges occurred. Canyon feeding onto the basin floor is linked with runout of basin-floor fans to the basin center, in contrast to direct-fed prograding margins, where sediment is continuously partitioned onto and across the entire shelf-edge, slope, and toe-of-slope areas.
Alluvial fans are among the principal geomorphological features that have an influence on the development of human societies, particularly in arid regions. In view of the salience of these ...triangular-shaped deposits to environmental management, an accurate mapping of alluvial fans within a specific region could prove significantly advantageous. This study proposes a method for semi-automated detection of alluvial fans based on the analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The proposed method is a novel Symmetry Model DEM (SMDEM), which extracts alluvial fans the pseudo-basin concept. This method is capable of accurate detection of alluvial fans and all their segmentations (i.e. lobes), apex, and toe when they are delimited by boundary drainage (lateral and toe drainage channels). The method was tested analyzing different environmental scenarios and was evaluated by comparing the output of the model with satellite data. The alluvial fans analyzed with the SMDEM model are the Lannemezan (12,303 km
2
), Xinhe (5572 km
2
), and Naien (1668 km
2
) fans, which are among the largest in Europe, China, and Iran, respectively.
We measured indoor air speeds generated by ceiling fans in 78 full-scale laboratory tests. The factors were the room size, fan diameter, type, speed, direction (up or down), blade height, and mount ...distance (i.e. blade to ceiling height). We demonstrated the influence of these factors, showing that the most significant are speed, diameter and direction. With other factors fixed, the average room air speed in the occupied zone increases proportionally with fan air speed and diameter. Blowing fans upwards yields lower but far more uniform air speeds than downwards. We show that for the same fan diameter and airflow, fan type has little effect on the air speed distribution in the region outside the fan blades. We developed several new dimensionless representations and demonstrate that they are appropriate for comparisons over a wide range of fan and room characteristics. Dimensionless linear models predict the lowest, average, and highest air speeds in a room with a median (and 90th percentile) absolute error of 0.03 (0.08), 0.05 (0.13), and 0.12 (0.26) m/s respectively over all 56 downwards tests, representing common applications. These models allow designers to quickly and easily estimate the air speeds they can expect for a given fan and room. We include all measured data and analysis code in this paper.
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•Measured air speed distribution in 78 full-scale laboratory tests.•Average air speeds increase in direct proportion to fan rotational speed and diameter.•Blowing fans upwards yields lower but more uniform air speeds than downwards.•At equal diameter and airflow, fan type doesn't affect air speeds in most of the room.•Developed easily applied models to predict indoor air speeds with ceiling fans.
The aim of the article is to reveal the main stages of the research of fans in fan studies discourse and analyse the evolution of fan culture development that took place in the 21st century. Results. ...The article demonstrates that a separate scientific direction is dedicated to the study of fan communities in the Anglo-American academic environment — fan studies, which went through three distinct periods in their development: deviation, resistance (20th century), and mainstream (21st century). In the cultural aspect, the concepts of “fanatic/fanaticism” and “fan/ fandom” are distinguished. It is shown that Anglo-American fan studies define fan culture as an expressive lifestyle of fans of a certain cultural phenomenon or of a bearer of a certain cultural tradition, and in the last two decades, the fan studies direction, where fan culture is connected with fandom, has been intensively developing. It is stated that fandom is a self-organised community built around shared pleasure from a certain product of cultural industries in the digital media environment, and a fan is considered as a person who invests his time, energy, and money in interaction with a media product that is the object of his interests. The scientific novelty consists in determining the methodological status of the concept of “fan culture”, revealing the role of fan communities in the creation of popular culture in the 21st century. Conclusions. Fans began to play an active role in the processes of cultural creation, thanks to their creative work, there was a transition from passive consumption of mass culture products to active production of works of popular culture. Fan culture as a special community and environment of joint creative work among fans of literary works, television series, comics, and computer games, blurs the difference between consumption and production, becoming a vivid phenomenon of popular culture.
Мета статті — розкрити основні етапи дослідження фанатів у дискурсі фан-студій (Fan Studies), проаналізувати еволюцію розвитку фанатської культури, яка відбулась у ХХІ ст. Результати дослідження. Встановлено, що вивченню фанатських спільнот в англо- американському академічному середовищі присвячено окремий науковий напрям — фанатські студії (Fan Studies), які пройшли у своєму розвитку три виразні періоди: девіації, опору (ХХ ст.) та мейнстриму (ХХІ ст.). У культурологічному аспекті здійснено розмежування понять «фанатик/фанатизм» та «фанат/фанатство». Показано, що в англо- американських фанатських студіях фанатська культура визначається як виразний спосіб життя шанувальників певного культурного феномену чи носія певної культурної традиції, а в останні два десятиріччя інтенсивно розвивається той напрям Fan Studies, де фанатська культура пов’язується з фандомом. Визначено, що фандом — це самоорганізована спільнота, побудована навколо отримання сумісного задоволення від певного продукту культурних індустрій в умовах цифрового медіасередовища, а фанат — це людина, яка вкладає свій час, енергію, кошти у взаємодію з медіапродуктом, що є об’єктом його зацікавлень. Наукова новизна полягає у визначенні методологічного статусу поняття «фанатська культура», розкритті ролі фанатських спільнот у творенні популярної культури у ХХІ ст. Висновки. Фанати стали відігравати активну роль у процесах культуротворення. Саме завдяки їхній творчості відбувся перехід від пасивного споживання продуктів маскульту до активного виробництва творів популярної культури. Фанатська культура, як особлива спільнота та середовище сумісної творчості серед шанувальників літературних творів, телесеріалів, коміксів і комп’ютерних ігор, долає розбіжності між споживанням і виробництвом, стає яскравим феноменом сучасної популярної культури.
Fan Fiction and Copyright Schwabach, Aaron
2011, 20160415, 2011-07-01, 2016-04-15, 2013-02-28, 20110101
eBook
As long as there have been fans, there has been fan fiction. There seems to be a fundamental human need to tell additional stories about the characters after the book, series, play or movie is over. ...But developments in information technology and copyright law have put these fan stories at risk of collision with the content owners’ intellectual property rights. Fan fiction has long been a nearly invisible form of outsider art, but over the past decade it has grown exponentially in volume and in legal importance. Because of its nature, authorship, and underground status, fan fiction stands at an intersection of key issues regarding property, sexuality, and gender. In Fan Fiction and Copyright, author Aaron Schwabach examines various types of fan-created content and asks whether and to what extent they are protected from liability for copyright infringement. Professor Schwabach discusses examples of original and fan works from a wide range of media, genres, and cultures. From Sherlock Holmes to Harry Potter, fictional characters, their authors, and their fans are sympathetically yet realistically assessed. Fan Fiction and Copyright looks closely at examples of three categories of disputes between authors and their fans: Disputes over the fans’ use of copyrighted characters, disputes over online publication of fiction resembling copyright work, and in the case of J.K. Rowling and a fansite webmaster, a dispute over the compiling of a reference work detailing an author's fictional universe. Offering more thorough coverage of many such controversies than has ever been available elsewhere, and discussing fan works from the United States, Brazil, China, India, Russia, and elsewhere, Fan Fiction and Copyright advances the understanding of fan fiction as transformative use and points the way toward a safe harbor for fan fiction.
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