Penelitian ini menggunakan pesawat x-ray digital dengan phantom ukuran ketebalan 10,14,20 cm dengan alat ukur X-Ray Multimeter Piraha 557 dan pita ukur. Tujuan penelitian ini mencari nilai kV,mA dan ...waktu untuk menghasilkan citra yang bagus tetapi dengan dosis serap kecil. Untuk pengaturan range kV yang digunakan adalah 60-80kV, sedangkan mA yang digunakan 200,250 dan 320mA. Untuk waktu ekspose 4,8,12 detik. Hasil yang diperoleh dari 15 kali uji coba pada fantom yang memodelkan bagian thorax pada manusia dengan spesifikasi berupa tingkat ketebalan 10 cm untuk memperoleh gambar yang bagus maka pengaturan untuk kV,mA dan waktunya adalah 60kV,200mA, 4 detik dengan dosis serapnya 0.0055mGy/s. Untuk phantom dengan ketebalan 14 cm dibutuhkan pengaturan kV,mA dan waktu yaitu 65kV, 250mA dan 8 detik dengan dosis serap 0.0082mGy/s. Sedangkan untuk phantom dengan ketebalan 20cm kV,mA dan waktu adalah 70kV, 320mA dan 12 detik dengan dosis serap yang diterima 0.0107 mGy/s. Untuk dosis serap yang disarankan untuk pemeriksaan thorax apabila ketebalan 10cm adalah 0.064, bila 14cm - 0.241 mGy/s dan ketebalan 20 cm adalah 0.314 mGy/s.Dari ketiga data tersebut maka dosisnya serap yang diterima pasien masih di range yang ditentukan.
Bilgisayarlı tomografi (CT) günümüzde etkin bir şekilde kullanılan modern bir cihaz olup, tanısal görüntülemede çok önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, CT’de tüp voltajı (kVp), tüp akımı ...(mAs) ve kesit kalınlığı değerlerini değiştirerek farklı çaplara sahip biri 16 cm çapında ve diğeri 32 cm çapında olan su eşdeğeri silindirik iki adet fantomda doz değişimlerini incelemektir. İyonizasyon odası ile okunan soğurulan doz değerleri bilgisayarda var olan bir paket programı yardımıyla ilgili parametrelere çevrilmiştir. Belli bir hacim için hesaplanan CTDIvol ve kesit alınan uzunluk boyunca aldığı toplam doz değerini veren DLP değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarından da görüldüğü gibi, doz artışı akım ve voltaj değerini arttırdıkça yükselmektedir. Özellikle kafa fantomu örneğindeki gibi küçük ve zayıf hastalarda doz artışı daha fazladır.
Enhancers are distal cis -regulatory DNA elements that increase the expression of target genes. Various experimental and computational approaches including chromatin signature profiling have been ...developed to predict enhancers on a genome-wide scale, although each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Here we overview an emerging method to identify transcribed enhancers at exceedingly high nucleotide resolution based on enhancer RNA transcripts captured by Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) technology. We further argue that disease-causative regulatory mutations at enhancers are increasingly recognized, emphasizing the importance of enhancer identification in functional and clinical genomics including, but not limited to, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and cancer genomics studies.
Many three-dimensional hydrodynamic models were developed to investigate saltwater intrusion in estuaries. However, the horizontal grid discretization remains a challenge to achieve high accuracy as ...well as to reduce the cost in grid generation and computation. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulator, Fantom-Refined was developed to address this issue. A structured gridding technique which enables a flexible local mesh refinement was used for the horizontal gridding to analyze the multi-resolution phenomena from coastal bay to river upstream. The model is based on a collocated finite-volume method with second or higher-order spatial and temporal numerical schemes. The model was calibrated and validated using the data measured in a meso-macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, Japan. The simulated water level and vertical and longitudinal distribution of salinity were reasonably matched with the measured data. The salinity intrusion length (SIL) and salinity interface gradient (SIG) calculated from measured and simulated results were in good agreement with R2 value of 0.99 and 0.98 respectively. Although there were limited studies that reproduced continuous change in mixing condition from well mixed to salt wedge via partially mixed type, the present study successfully verified the change with intensive observations. The effect of channel meanderings and width on horizontal salinity distribution in the estuary was explained using the model results. Furthermore, the effect of horizontal grid resolution on saltwater intrusion and mixing conditions was investigated with three different grid resolutions and three different bathymetry resolutions. The results showed that both of the horizontal grid and bathymetry resolutions have significant effect on the prediction of the salinity distribution as well as the surface level in the estuary.
•Fantom-Refined is described for the saltwater intrusion problem in estuaries.•A flexible local mesh refinement technique is used for horizontal gridding.•Calibration and validation is done with measured data in Chikugo River estuary.•The effect of bathymetry on horizontal salinity distribution is investigated.•The effect of grid resolution on saltwater intrusion and mixing condition is analyzed.
Back‐arc basins such as the ones behind the island‐arcs of the Western Pacific Ocean or the ones in the Mediterranean Sea are ubiquitous structures of the Earth. They are extensional basins forming ...in the overriding plate behind subduction zones and similarly to continental rifts, they can exhibit different structural styles from narrow, localized rifting to wide‐rift extension. While these different structural styles have been long recognized, the factors controlling the style of extension in these basins have not been explored properly. We use thermo‐mechanical models to investigate how the relative rates of progressive build‐up of slab‐pull force and of convective thinning and thermal weakening of the overriding plate control the style of back‐arc rifting. Following subduction‐initiation, a high subducting plate velocity results in rapid build‐up of the slab‐pull force. The relatively low rate of convectively thinning and associated moderate weakening of the overriding plate require slab‐pull to build up to close to its maximum value to overcome the high back‐arc integrated strength resulting in a narrow back‐arc rift. In turn a low subducting plate velocity in comparison with the timescale of convective thinning of the overriding plate allows for significant back‐arc weakening before the slab‐pull force becomes large enough to drive back‐arc extension. In this case, the back‐arc exhibits a wide rifting style as extension occurs at significantly reduced overriding plate integrated strength. Our model results provide an explanation why some subduction zones exhibit wide, distributed extension in the overriding plate such as for instance observed in the Pannonian basin.
Key Points
The relative pace of slab‐pull force build‐up and overriding plate weakening has a crucial role in setting the style of back‐arc rifting
Our slowly converging subduction model with narrow oceanic basin and weak back‐arc reproduce first order features of the Pannonian basin
The Internet of Things (IoT) has been rapidly integrated into various industries, with healthcare emerging as a key area of impact. A notable development in this sector is the IoHT-MBA system, a ...specialized Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) framework. This system utilizes a microservice approach combined with a brokerless architecture, efficiently tackling issues like data gathering, managing users and devices, and controlling devices remotely. Despite its effectiveness, there’s a growing need to improve the privacy and control of patient data. To address this, we propose an enhanced version of the IoHT-MBA system, incorporating blockchain technology, specifically through the use of Hyperledger Fabric. This integration aims to create a more secure, transparent, and patient-centric data management platform. The system enables patients to oversee their peripheral devices, such as smartphones and sensors. These devices are integrated as part of the edge layer of the IoHT, contributing to a decentralized storage service. In our model, data is primarily retained on user devices, with only summarized data being communicated to service providers and recorded on the blockchain. This approach significantly boosts data privacy and user control. Access to user data is strictly regulated and must align with the patient’s privacy conditions, which are established through smart contracts, thus providing an additional layer of security and transparency. We have conducted an evaluation of our blockchain-enhanced platform using key theories in microservice and brokerless architecture, such as Round Trip Time and Broken Connection Test Cases. Additionally, we’ve performed tests on data generation and queries using Hyperledger Caliper. The results confirm the strength and efficiency of our blockchain-integrated system in the healthcare IoT domain.
Three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling for small, stratified tropical lakes in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general is not deeply explored. This study pioneers investigating the ...hydrodynamics of a small crater lake in the Philippines with a focus on temperature simulation using a Fantom Refined 3D model that has been tested mostly for temperate and sub-tropical lakes. The lake’s monthly temperature during the dry season served as a reference for the model’s initial condition and validation. For the simulation to proceed, input data such as weather, inflow, and bathymetry were prepared. In the absence of hourly meteorological data from local weather stations, this paper adopted the satellite weather data from Solcast. Simple correlation analysis of daily weather data between local stations and Solcast showed valid and acceptable results. Inflow values were estimated using the rational method while the stream temperature was estimated from a regression equation using air temperatures as input. The validated satellite-derived data and runoff model can therefore be employed for 3D modeling. The simulations resulted in extremely higher temperatures compared with those observed when using previous default model settings. Direct modifications were then applied to weather parameters, compromising their integrity but resulting in reasonable profiles. By adding scaling factors to heat flux equations and multiplying their components by 0.75 (shortwave), 1.35 (longwave), 0.935 (air temperature), and 0.80 (wind), better results were achieved. This study identifies several challenges in performing 3D hydrodynamic modeling, such as paucity in input hydro-meteorologic and limnologic data and the need for heat flux model improvement. Overall, this study was successful in employing 3D hydrodynamic modeling in a tropical lake, which can pave directions and serve as an excellent reference for future modeling in the same region.
The global transportation of goods has evolved in response to varied economic demands. The rapid progression of modern scientific and technological innovations offers a shift from traditional ...shipping paradigms. Current systems, whether domestic like Cash-on-Delivery (CoD) or international such as Letter-of-Credit, necessitate trust-building through an intermediary—be it a carrier or a financial institution. While these conventional systems provide certain benefits, they inherently present several challenges and potential vulnerabilities, affecting both sellers and buyers. The introduction of blockchain technology and smart contracts has been explored as a viable alternative to bypass these intermediaries. However, simply removing the shipping intermediary presents its own set of issues, particularly when disputes arise. Notably, the shipper remains unaffected in situations of contention. Consequently, some models are now incorporating the shipper’s role, either as a singular entity or in collaboration with others. Yet, a considerable number of these models still depend on an external trusted party for conflict resolution. Our study introduces a unique framework, blending the robustness of blockchain, the enforceability of smart contracts, and the authenticity assurance of NFTs. This system creates a streamlined CoD operation encompassing the seller, shipper, and buyer, using NFTs to produce digital receipts, guaranteeing both proof-of-purchase and a security deposit. Furthermore, our system provides an inherent mechanism for dispute resolution. Key contributions of our work including i) The design of a novel CoD system anchored on blockchain and smart contract capabilities; ii) The incorporation of Ethereum-based NFT (specifically, ERC721) for securely logging package information; iii) The development of smart contracts that facilitate NFT generation and transfer between transactional entities; and iv) Performance evaluation and deployment of these contracts across multiple EVM-compatible platforms such as BNB Smartchain, Fantom, Celo, and Polygon, establishing the optimal environment for our innovative system.
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