Background: Geologically the J&K state (2, 22, 800 sq. kms) is both complex and varied. Climatic conditions of the state ranges from sub-tropical (Jammu), temperate (Kashmir) to cold artic (Ladakh) ...zones and belongs to the great Himalayan mountain range, which exerts significant influence on its agro-climatic conditions. Gastrointestinal parasitism is a major problem in sheep production worldwide, these parasites cause diarrhea, anaemia, reduced weight gain and increased production costs. Materials and Methods: Five hundred fecal samples of sheep (Ovis aries) were taken from two farms. All fecal samples were examined to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. Direct microscopic examination, Centrifugation floatation and Sedimentation techniques were used to examine fecal samples. Results: Overall prevalence rate was 62.9%. most commonly encountered parasites were Strongylespp, Strongyloidesspp., Eimeria spp., Nematodirus spp., and Monezia spp. was 24.61, 15.5, 9.8, 9.0 and 3.3%, respectively. The highest prevalence of G.I parasites was recorded during monsoon season (March-May) followed by summer season (June-August) whereas the lowest prevalence was recorded during winter season. Analysis of the data on the basis of sex revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the overall incidence of gastrointestinal parasites between male (75.6%) and female (44.8%) sheep. The maximum infection was observed in younger age groups compared to adults (P<0.05). The prevalence of different species of endoparasites also varied in sheep of different body weight groups (P<0.05). The highest infection was observed in Kashmir Marino breed than corriedale breed. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study suggest that the age, sex, body weight and breed are important factors which influence the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. Key wards: climate, economy, faecal sample, Kashmir valley, parasite, prevalence, sheep
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is an infectious agent of birds and mammals. AIV is causing huge economic loss and can be a threat to human health. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ...(RT-PCR) has been used as a method for the detection and identification of AIV virus. Although RT-PCR is a sensitive method for detection of AIV, it requires sample preparation including separation and purification of AIV and concentrate viral RNA. It is laborious and complex process especially for diagnosis using faecal sample. In this study, magnetic beads were used for immunoseparation of AIV in chicken faecal sample by a magnetic microsystem. Using this system, all the 16 hemagglutinin (H) and 9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes of AIV were separated and detected in spiked faecal samples using RT-PCR, without an RNA extraction step. This rapid sample preparation method can be integrated with a total analysis microsystem and used for diagnosis of AIV.
Abstract
In this study, a competitive PCR was developed to estimate the quantity of bifidobacteria in human faecal samples using two 16S rRNA gene Bifidobacterium genus-specific primers, Bif164f and ...Bif662r. A PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) with the same primers also allowed us to describe the Bifidobacterium species present in these faecal samples. The PCR product obtained from the competitor had 467 bp, and was 47 bp shorter than the PCR products obtained from Bifidobacterium strains. The number of bifidobacterial cells was linear from 10 to 108 cells per PCR assay. Taking into account the dilutions of the extracted DNA, the linear range was over 8 × 105 bifidobacteria g−1 of faeces. Reproducibility was assessed from 10 independent DNA extractions from the same stool and the coefficient of variation was 0.5%. When the competitive PCR was compared with the culture method, a similar count of seven out of nine Bifidobacterium pure cultures were obtained, or had a difference inferior or equal to 1 log10. In faecal samples, the enumeration of Bifidobacterium genus in most cases gave higher results with competitive PCR than with culture on selective Columbia–Beerens agar pH 5 (P<0.05). In conclusion, this competitive PCR allows a rapid, highly specific and reproducible quantification of Bifidobacterium genus in faecal samples. TTGE fragments co-migrating with B. longum CIP64.63 fragment were found in 10 out of 11 faecal samples. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and B. bifidum were detected in five out of 11 subjects. Thus, cPCR and PCR-TTGE can be associated in order to characterize human faecal bifidobacteria.
Survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in camel migrated from U.P., M.P., and Rajasthan at Nagpur region was carried out in early summer, 2008. Total 28 samples (12 males and 16 females) were ...collected from different places of Nagpur region. They revealed parasites as Trichuris sp.(50%), Strongyloides sp.(32.14%), Trichostrongylus sp.(10.71%), Nematodirus sp.(10.71%), Haemonchus sp.(14.28%), Eurytrema sp.(21.42%) ,Eimeria sp.(25%), Entamoeba sp.(17.85%) and Balantidium sp.(7.14%).All were found positive for mixed helminthic infection. Vet World 2009; 2(7.000): 258-258
To determine the identity and composition of mesophilic Bacillus spp. in faeces sampled from feedlot cattle. Faecal samples from 10 feedlot cattle were analysed. The total aerobic spore count ...increased from 4·6 x 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ (before feedlotting, day 0) to 1·6 x 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ (feedlot for day 76). A total of 150 randomly selected spore isolates (60 each from days 0 and 76 cattle, 30 from feed) were speciated using a Bacillus group-specific PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis technique ( Wu et al. 2006 ). At day 0, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus predominated with a prevalence of 58·3% and 26·7%, respectively, whereas three species, B. subtilis (50·0%), Bacillus licheniformis (27·6%) and Bacillus clausii (20·0%) predominated in day 76 faecal samples. Of these, only the first two species were present in feed samples at a frequency of 70% and 30% respectively. All B. cereus isolates on day 0, possessed at least one of three enterotoxin genes (nheA, nheB and nheC) but these were completely eliminated after a period of feedlotting. All isolates of B. licheniformis were genotypically heterogeneous according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Cattle faeces contain large numbers of Bacillus spores representing different mesophilic species. Stable faecal populations of particular Bacillus spp. mimicking those found in feed, were subsequently established by feedlotting. The results obtained and methods used in this study will help to investigate the indigenous Bacillus composition in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and will further guide the administration of Bacillus probiotics.
Commensal as well as wild rats and mice may present a potential risk to public health. They may harbour microorganisms that can be transmitted either through contact with infected rodent urine or ...faeces, or through ectoparasites. Prevalence of zoonotic microorganism in house rat (Rattus rattus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) in different types of structures such as grocery shops, sweet shops, rice godowns, wheat godowns and poultry feed stores was studied in Sargodha and Faisalabad districts of Pakistan. In R. rattus, E. coli showed the highest prevalent in faecal material from rice godowns (4.72%), while the lowest prevalence. (3.46%) was in poultry feed stores (P less than 0.05). S. typhi had the highest prevalence (4.44%) in samples from grocery shops and lowest (3.56%) in those from sweet shops (P less than 0.05). Similarly, the highest prevalence of H. nana (3.89%) was recorded in faeces from grocery shops and lowest in those from poultry feed stores (P less than 0.05). In case of Mus musculus, rats from sweet shops showed the highest prevalence of E. coli (4.83%), while the lowest was in rats from wheat godowns (4.05%; P less than 0.05). S. typhi had the highest prevalence (4.56%) in grocery shops and lowest (3.28%) in sweet shops (P less than 0.05). For H. nana, the highest prevalence (3.61%) was noted in samples from rice godowns and lowest (3.00%) in sweet shops (P less than 0.05). Fecal samples of R. rattus and Mus musculus of all the structures of Sargodha district were significantly more infected with E. coli, S. typhi and H. nana compared with the samples collected from the structures of district Faisalabad (P less than 0.05). These results indicated that both house rat and house mouse may act as reservoir for E. coli, S. typhi and H. nana.
A simple method for viral DNA extraction using chelex resin was developed. The method used was eco-friendly and cost effective compared to other methods such as phenol chloroform method which use ...health hazardous organic reagents. Further, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection of canine parvovirus (CPV) using primers from conserved region of VP2 gene was developed. To increase the sensitivity and specificity of reaction, nested PCR was designed. PCR reaction was optimized to amplify 747bp product of VP2 gene. The assay can be completed in few hours and doesn't need hazardous chemicals. Thus, the sample preparation using chelating resin along with nested PCR seems to be a sensitive, specific and practical method for the detection of CPV in diarrhoeal feacal samples.
The health status of Zoo animals varies with different factors such as management, feeding, environment, sanitation and season. The fecal sample of two male and three female white tiger, Four male ...and three female tiger and one female Wolf was examined for parasites as per standard technique. The faecal sample of one white tiger was found positive for Spirometra sp., Faecal sample of six tigers were positive for Toxoascaris sp. and fecal sample one wolf was positive for Paragonimus sp.
Total 350 fecal samples of cattle from representative area of Western vidarbha region around Akola was collected and examined for incidence of gastrointestinal helminth infestation. Out of total 232, ...positive sample 62.29% had single and 6.00% had mixed infection of Haemonchus and Trichris spp. Seasonal prevalence revealed higher in rainy season and lower in winter. Stogylus sp. was the predominant helminth infection in all the season. The nematodes infection were higher followed by cestodes and trmatodes.
The faeces of 82 donkeys irrespective of sex and age were collected and examined for any parasitic ova. The faecal sample of68 donkeys were infected with: Strongylus sp. (54.87%), Parascaris sp. ...(29.26%), Strongyloides sp. (24.39%), Trichonema sp. (15.85%),Oxyuris sp. (8.53%), Gastrodiscus sp. (8.53%), Entamoeba sp. (8.53%), Dictyocaulus sp. (3.65%), and Triodontophorus sp. (2.43%).
PDF
