Umjetna inteligencija (AI) i strojno učenje (ML ) sve su prisutniji u poljoprivrednom sektoru pa tako i u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa, gdje omogućuju proizvođačima optimizaciju procesa proizvodnje, ...smanjenje troškova i poboljšanje učinkovitosti. Implementacija nelinearnih modela, poput umjetnih neuronskih mreža (UNM ), u ovoj domeni omogućava prepoznavanje uzoraka i rješavanje kompleksnih problema povezanih s krmnim smjesama. Primjena UNM u tehnologiji proizvodnje krmnih smjesa, uz ispravno odabranu strukturu, algoritme učenja i prijenosne funkcije, omogućava naprednu optimizaciju procesa, uključujući upravljanje proizvodnim postrojenjem, skladištenje i transport sirovina. Ovi modeli pružaju nove mogućnosti za poboljšanje kvalitete krajnjeg proizvoda, uzimajući u obzir sve faktore koji na nju utječu. Kroz ovu prilagodbu, AI pruža alate za brzo i učinkovito donošenje odluka, što rezultira poboljšanom automatizacijom i učinkovitosti u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly present in agriculture, particularly in the production of feed mixtures, where they enable producers to optimize production processes, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. The implementation of nonlinear models, such as artificial neural networks (UNM), in this field enables pattern recognition and the solution of complex problems related to feed mixtures. The application of UNM in the technology of feed mixture production, with a properly chosen structure, learning algorithms and transfer functions, allows advanced optimization of the process, including the management of the production plant, storage and transportation of materials. These models offer new opportunities to improve the quality of the final product, taking into account all the factors that influence it. Through this customization, AI provides tools for fast and efficient decision making, leading to improved automation and efficiency in compound feed production.
BACKGROUND: In the coming years, most of the main livestock production will be produced on farms under their collective lease, as well as on individual farms, which will ensure intensive development ...of the industry.
AIMS: The paper is devoted to the study of the liquid feed mixtures preparation under different impeller speeds, under different temperatures of the liquid and with further parameters optimization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental facility for the liquid feed mixtures preparation is a multifunctional technical equipment, capable of performing following 3 functions: dosing of material (the whole milk replacer), liquid supply (the pumping function) and mixture preparation (the mixer function).
RESULTS: The study of facilities, based on blade pumps, revealed that the rotational speed n in the range of 1750 to 3000 min-1 is not always effective. Then, the indicators of performance or mixture supply are bigger for these values. Thus, the experiment is carried out based on the synchronism of the rotational speeds of the electric motor and the impeller: n = 750, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 1750 min-1. The application of an asynchronous electric motor implies taking account of slip s being 23%.
CONCLUSIONS: The study of the mixing facility at the continuous mixing mode shows that it is not necessary to take the mixing time into account with given design parameters, as the mixture processing occurs instantly, for a very short time intervals Tc = 0.020.006 s. Experimental studies show that the impeller speed under different temperatures of the liquid affects the degree of the mixture homogeneity, while the number of fixed blades is also considered. Thus, in the continuous mixing mode, the degree of homogeneity Ѳ is 85.2% for a speed n = 9501490 min-1, while the water temperature t is 2024 C.
The formation of cicatricial processes in calves is an important component of the process of growing viable animals, which we studied under the conditions of introduction into the diet of three ...groups of calves whole milk substitutes for three months. Correction of cicatricial digestion of calves of the early neonatal period significantly increases its parameters and affects the metabolism in animals. It was found that at the end of the equalization period the content of amylolytic, proteolytic, cellulosolytic microorganisms and their specific activity in the contents of the scar of animals of the experimental groups fluctuated slightly. The quantitative composition of rumen microorganisms determined the content of the total mass of rumen microorganisms and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, which ranged from 9.13±0.12 to 9.45±0.24 mmol/100 ml. The content of total, residual and protein nitrogen in the scar content of calves of all groups was almost the same at the end of the equalization period. The introduction into the diet of calves of the neonatal period of feed mixtures Lactophyte-T and Lactophyte-TP increased the activity of the main groups of microorganisms of the rumen and, most importantly – cellulosolytic microorganisms. In calves of the experimental groups, the content of volatile fatty acids and protein nitrogen in the contents of the scar increased. Volatile fatty acids in the blood of calves of the experimental groups were found in 1.08–1.28 times more than in calves of the control group (p<0.01). The content of ketone bodies in the blood of calves of the third group was significantly lower by 1.14 times, urea was lower by 1.12 times (p<0.05). The increase in the activity of scar fermentation processes contributed to the fact that the increase in body weight in calves of the experimental groups was during the experimental period in 1.36–1.57 and 1.42–1.57 times (p<0.01), more than in the control animals. In the future, research on the formation and correction of scar digestion will provide the body of animals with full metabolic metabolites, microbial protein and volatile fatty acids and promote the growth and development of animals.
In the developed countries of the world, animal business is one of the most profitable and promising branches of production.Pet business includes the totality and interaction between enterprises ...engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services for pets, and consumers of these goods and services. The structure of pet business is represented by pet products, services, and animals, and pet products, in turn, by feed, medicines, care products, and accessories. The global pet food market size was valued at USD 94.76 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4 % from 2022 to 2030. Increasing consumer awareness regarding natural and organic pet food products has forced the manufacturers to shift their focus from synthetic to natural products which has acted as one of the major forces impacting the global market. In Ukraine, in 2017–2021, the category «Animals – pets and feed for them» in the structure of retail turnover occupied a share of 0.3 – 0.5 %. The volume of retail turnover during this period increased 3.4 times, from UAH 1,612.5 million in 2017 to UAH 5,468.6 million in 2021. In Ukraine, goods are classified according to the classifications DC 016-2010 «State Classifier of Products and Services» and DC 021:2015 «Unified Procurement Dictionary», as well as the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity, which is the commodity nomenclature of the Customs Tariff of Ukraine. According to the current classifiers, separate groups of goods directly related to goods for pets (dogs, cats, etc.) are provided only for feed and brushes for animal care. Yes, according to DK 016-2010, ready pet food has the code 10.92.10-00.00 and according to DK 021:2015 – 15713000-9 and does not have further details. Today, the owners of decorative and singing birds have a relatively wide range of ready-made feeds at their disposal. Analyzing the feed market for decorative and singing birds, we saw that a significant part of it is occupied by imported feeds, while the assortment of domestic feeds on the Ukrainian market is not large and does not always meet market requirements and cannot withstand competition. However, it is difficult to call the presented feeds complete, since they are mainly different types of feed mixtures, which include, depending on the price category, different types of components: starting with cereals and ending with various nuts, dried fruits, etc. Ready-made feeds in combination with a correctly selected feeding regime strengthen the health of birds, and also meet their expectations regarding taste qualities and the owner's expectations regarding the price and convenience of feeding. Careful observation of the appearance and behavior of birds allows you to establish the correct diet for your pet and determine his preferences for one or another type of feed. In order to understand the entire range of feeds offered on the market, it is necessary to study and systematize them. Based on the analysis of feeds presented on the market, we proposed a classification of feeds by types of poultry, purpose, price, form of release, physiological features and age, as well as by type of packaging. By bird species, feed is divided into three varieties: for singing birds, for decorative birds, and for parrots, which are a kind of hybrid of the first two species. For parrots, food can be distributed according to their size: for large, medium and small. According to their purpose, complete ration feeds and feed mixes, treats, and feeds fed for therapeutic purposes and for preventive purposes are distinguished. By price, fodder for decorative and singing birds is divided into three price categories: economy, business and premium classes. This is the formation of classes was developed based on the income of the population. Economy class includes consumers who can afford to buy food for their pets at a price of UAH 70 to 100 per kilogram, business class – UAH 101-250 /kg, premium class – consumers who can buy food for of their pets is higher than UAH 251 /kg. According to the form of release, there are molded fodder and loose fodder mixes. Formed – represented by a small amount of granulated and partially extruded feed. According to the physiological characteristics, feed can be divided into feed for the pre-nesting period, during the molting period, for birds, for adult birds at rest and for females during the feeding period. The type of fodder packaging is also of great importance: natural (cardboard), polymer and combined (based on cardboard and polyethylene).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article presents the results of studies on the processing of crops materials. The method of experimental studies was described. The way of effective preparation was determined - it was the ...preparation of fodder mixes, combined feed. Grain mixes were taken as a basis of the constituting fodder mix. Investigations were carried out on an extruder PE-20 in Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov and based on enterprise LLP "Agro Tech Service-12". The technical characteristics of the extruder were given; (basic instruments and equipment for experiments; standards, and standards of the determine quality of the extrudate). The technique of conducting investigational studies was developed. The device of an extruder and the features design die were described.
The mass of the sample was found in one second extruding, and then the hourly productivity was calculated. The methods of processing of results of strain-gage testing axial force were shown.
The results in the form of graphs showing the change in the performance and capacity of the extruder are presented on the basis of research.
Sensory properties in meat, ultimate muscle pH values, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics from reindeer grazed on natural pasture (n=23) or fed a commercial feed mixture (n=17) were ...studied. Reindeer fed commercial feed generally had lower ultimate pH values (increased glycogen stores) in all three muscles measured (Mm. triceps brachii, longissimus and biceps femoris) compared with the animals grazing natural pasture. Raised plasma urea concentrations in all reindeer were explained by a relatively high intake of protein for both treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activities in all animals were low, and did not indicate muscle degeneration due to stress. However, the measured plasma cortisol concentrations showed that all reindeer were affected by the immediate pre-slaughter handling. Sensory evaluation was performed both as a descriptive test using a selected and trained panel, and as a preference test carried out with two groups of consumers (experienced and non-experienced reindeer meat eaters). The trained panel concluded that meat from reindeer fed commercial feed scored higher for liver and sweet flavour intensities and lower for off-flavour compared with meat from reindeer grazing natural pasture. The consumer test showed no effect of consumer age, gender or residence on the preference for meat from reindeer on either feed. The importance for the reindeer industry to acknowledge and use the differences in flavour and consumer preference as a specialised marketing strategy for reindeer meat is discussed.
One hundred and fourteen animal feedstuffs and eighty poultry feed mixtures commonly used for animal and poultry nutrition in Karnataka, India, were analysed for Fusarium contamination. The total ...counts of fusaria in animal feeds and poultry feed mixtures revealed a high incidence of F. verticillioides, being isolated from all positive samples. Most contaminated samples were maize pellets (71.4%), cotton seed (66.6%), maize powder (60%) and fine wheat bran (50%), respectively, while no Fusarium species was isolated from Bengal gram husk and wheat flakes. All the Fusarium species were identified by the PCR method using genus specific ITS and group specific FUM 1 primers. Of the 374 Fusarium isolates tested with ITS set of primers, all fusaria scored positive, whereas only 244 (65%) isolates tested positive with the FUM 1 set of primers. The specificity of the primers provides the basis for a simple, accurate and precise detection of Fusarium species that represents fumonisin producers, which are a considerable risk for animal, poultry and human health.
Fourteen reindeer (8 steers and 6 females) were used to compare the effects of two different reindeer diets (a feed mix based on barley, brome hay and soybean meal (SBM) or fishmeal (WFM) as protein ...source) on animal growth performance, feed conversion efficiency and ultimate meat quality. Samples from free-ranging reindeer (n=4; 2 steers and 2 females) on the Seward Peninsula were included to provide comparisons with the traditional reindeer meat produced in Alaska. No significant difference was observed in overall weight gain between the WFM and SBM animals or between females and steers; however, the feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher for the reindeer fed the WFM mix. Carcass dressing percentage from the SBM group was higher compared with the WFM animals. No differences were found in live weight, carcass characteristics, meat pH, temperature decline, shear force, meat color or cooking loss when comparing the treatment groups. The meat samples (M. longissimus) from the free-range group had the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids and also the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Meat from the animals fed SBM was significantly higher in triglyceride content and lower in phospholipid content compared with the two other groups. No significant differences were found when the trained panel compared the sensory attributes of the meat. Off-flavor attributes related to “wild’ or “gamey” flavor was reported by consumers for samples from the WFM and free-range reindeer (15 and 24 per cent of the consumers, respectively). No “fish-related” flavor was reported. In conclusion, no negative effects in either animal performance or meat quality characteristics by using fish meal as opposed to soybean meal as a protein supplement in a milled reindeer diet were found.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:Utfordring av ren med soja- eller fiskmjøl – effekter på tillväxt, foderutnyttjande och köttkvalitet I vår undersökning ingick 14 renar (8 kastrerade sarvar (härkar)och 6 vajor) för att jämföra effekter av två olika renfoder (baserade på korn, hö och soja- (SBM) eller fiskmjöl (WFM) som proteintillskott) med avseende på tillväxt, foderutnyttjande och köttkvalitet. Köttprover från naturbetande renar (n=4; 2 härkar och 2 vajor) från Seward Peninsula inkluderades i studien för att representera kvaliteten på traditionellt producerat renkött från Alaska. Inga signifikanta skillnader i tillväxt observerades, varken mellan SBM- och WFM-grupperna eller mellan härkar och vajor. Foderutnyttjandet var dock signifikant bättre hos WFM-renarna. Slaktutbytet var högst för renarna i SBM-gruppen, däremot rapporterades inga skillnader i levandevikt, slaktkroppsegenskaper, pH-värde och temperatur i ytterfilén, skärmotstånd, färg eller vattenhållande förmåga i köttet när de tre grupperna av renar jämfördes (SBM, WFM och naturbetande djur). Köttet från de naturbetande renarna hade det signifikant högsta innehållet av både omega-3-fettsyror och av fleromättade fettsyror. Kött från SBM-renarna hade det högsta innehållet av triglycerider och det lägsta innehållet av fosfolipider jämfört med de andra två grupperna. Den tränade smakpanelen kunde inte hitta några skillnader i sensoriska egenskaper hos köttet från renarna i de tre olika grupperna. I en konsumentundersökning rapporterades kommentarer om olika ”vilt-relaterade” bismaker i kött från naturbetande renar (24% av konsumenterna) och från WFM-gruppen (15% av konsumenterna), men inga ”fisk-liknande” bismaker i köttet kunde påvisas. Att byta ut sojamjöl mot fiskmjöl som proteintillskott i renfoder hade inga negativa effekter på renarnas tillväxt, foderutnyttjande eller på renköttets kvalitet.
V prehrani živali se uporablja širok spekter probiotičnih mikroorganizmov, ki pripadajo mlečnokislinskim bakterijam, kvasovkam ali rodu Bacillus. V raziskavi smo ugotavljali število mikroorganizmov ...oziroma njihovih spor v različnih krmnih mešanicah in premiksih, ki so vsebovali komercialne probiotične pripravke Bioplus 2b, Vebac ali Biosaf. Pri bakterijskih sevih Bacillus subtilis in Bacillus licheniformis, ki smo ju osamili iz pripravka Bioplus 2b, smo ugotavljali občutljivost za antibiotike, protimikrobno aktivnost ter sposobnost preživetja v simuliranem želodčnem in črevesnem soku. Ugotovili smo, da je bilo v vseh testiranih proizvodih število probiotičnih mikroorganizmov oziroma spor manjše od deklariranega. Razlika med deklariranim in ugotovljenim številom je bila največja pri proizvodih z dodatkom pripravkov Vebac in Biosaf. Izolata B. subtilis in B. licheniformis sta občutljiva za vse izbrane antibiotike razen metronidazola. Test preživetja je pokazal, da simulirana želodčni oz. črevesni sok nimata večjega vpliva na preživetje spor, vegetativne celice obeh sevov Bacillus pa so zelo občutljive za nizke vrednosti pH in žolčne soli. B. licheniformis je inhibiral rast predvsem po Gramu pozitivnih bakterij, medtem ko je bil B. subtilis učinkovitejši proti po Gramu negativnim bakterijam.
The aim of present study to determine the species incidence of genus Fusarium in animal and poultry feed mixture and to know the extant of potentional risk of feed contamination by Fusarium ...mycotoxins. One (107) different animal feed samples and (71) poultry-feed mixtures were collected from Karnataka (India) during April 2004 to April 2005. All samples were analyzed for the Incidence of Fusarium species on PDA, DCPA and MGA 2.5 media. A total frequency of the Fusarium species isolated was determined to be 50% and their counts ranged from 9.5 x 10 super(1) to 4.4 x 10 super(5) CFU g super(-1) of poultry feed and 5.728 x 10 super(1) to 2.088 x 10 super(5) CFU g super(-1) of animal feed sample. Of the total number of Fusarium isolates (330) from animal and poultry feedstuffs, F. verticillioides recorded 89.09%, followed by F. pallidoroseum (6.66%), F. oxysporum (3.63%) and F. solani (0.6%). The results of this study showed a high incidence of F. verticillioides in poultry feed mixtures while animal feeds especially cotton seeds, fine wheat bran and maize pellets showed high incidence of F. verticillioides. Bengal gram husk, coarse horse gram powder, groundnut seed cake, sunflower seed cake and wheat flakes showed very low incidence of F. verticillioides. The study not only reveals a high incidence of the potentially toxigenic F. verticillioides, in the local feeds of Karnataka region but also represents the possibility of occurrence of fusarial mycotoxins, especially fumonisins.
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