•Flow behavior of liquid film over horizontal tube was 3-dimensionally simulated.•The temporal variation of inline jet flow and staggered jet flow were analyzed.•The circumferential distribution of ...film thickness was given at different flow models.•The effects of Reynolds number on flow transformation was discussed.•The formation mechanism of inline flow and staggered flow was explored.
In this paper, the volume-of-fluid (VOF) model is adopted to simulate the distribution and flow of a liquid film on the outer surface of the horizontal tube of a falling-film evaporator. The plain tube diameter and the spray distance are 25.4 and 22 mm respectively. The temporal variation characteristics of inline jet flow, the adjacent liquid column, and the steady-state film thickness distribution over the horizontal tubes are analyzed. To better compare with the experimental results, two kinds of numerical simulation medium, water and ethylene glycol, are chosen. The results of the 3-D numerical simulations and experiment are in good agreement. The results show that the jet flow can be divided into inline jet flow and staggered jet flow. Furthermore, a trough forms between the adjacent liquid columns under inline jet flow, whereas a crest forms between the adjacent liquid columns under staggered jet flow. In addition, the liquid viscosity is a crucial factor affecting the spreading of the liquid film. The appearance of the crest between adjacent liquid columns results in staggered jet flow.
Scott Curtis draws our eye to the role of scientific, medical, educational, and aesthetic observation in shaping modern spectatorship. Focusing on the nontheatrical use of motion picture technology ...in Germany between the 1890s and World War I, he follows researchers, teachers, and intellectuals as they negotiated the fascinating, at times fraught relationship between technology, discipline, and expert vision. As these specialists struggled to come to terms with motion pictures, they advanced new ideas of mass spectatorship that continue to affect the way we make and experience film. Staging a brilliant collision between the moving image and scientific or medical observation, visual instruction, and aesthetic contemplation,The Shape of Spectatorship showcases early cinema's revolutionary impact on society and culture and the challenges the new medium placed on ways of seeing and learning.
Beyond the Soundtrack Goldmark, Daniel Ira; Kramer, Lawrence; Leppert, Richard
05/2007
eBook
This groundbreaking collection by the most distinguished musicologists and film scholars in their fields gives long overdue recognition to music as equal to the image in shaping the experience of ...film. Refuting the familiar idea that music serves as an unnoticed prop for narrative, these essays demonstrate that music is a fully imagined and active power in the worlds of film. Even where films do give it a supporting role-and many do much more-music makes an independent contribution. Drawing on recent advances in musicology and cinema studies,Beyond the Soundtrackinterprets the cinematic representation of music with unprecedented richness. The authors cover a broad range of narrative films, from the "silent" era (not so silent) to the present. Once we think beyond the soundtrack, this volume shows, there is no unheard music in cinema.
Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films were deposited on soda lime glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition at various deposition temperatures. Without experiencing the sulfurization process, the single phase ...Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film was deposited with no secondary phases. The grain size increased with increasing deposition temperature. The grain size at the highest temperature was approximately double than that at the lowest temperature. All Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films had a Cu-rich and S-poor state and there was a compositional change at high deposition temperature. Secondary ion mass spectrometry showed that Na ions from soda lime glass diffuse into the Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film. These Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposited at 300°C exhibited good crystallinity, large particle size and ideal energy band gap (Eg=1.52eV), which meets the critical requirements for the thin film solar cell performance.
•Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition.•Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films have single structure without sulfurization process.•Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposited at 300°C exhibited energy band gap (Eg=1.52eV)
Un-doped and lithium doped nickel oxide thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by the sol–gel spin coating technique using nickel acetate and lithium chloride as source materials. The ...thickness of the films was increased by increasing the number of layers successively deposited on the same substrate. The effect of the number of layers on the structural, optical and electrical properties of NiO thin films was studied. The results of investigations of the samples show that four is the most suitable number of layers of undoped NiO films with high optical transparency. Then, by using these optimized deposition parameters, lithium doped nickel oxide films are prepared. The surface morphology and crystalline structure of the thin films were investigated by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. A modification in the morphology of the films was observed while increasing the Li amount in the solution. XRD patterns show that the films are polycrystalline. The preferred orientations were evaluated from XRD data. The average transmittance of the NiO films in the visible region increases with the increase of Li concentration. The electrical measurements show that the resistance of the films decreases as the lithium content increases.
•NiO and NiO:Li thin films are prepared on a glass substrate by sol–gel technique.•The effects of thickness on the physical properties of NiO are studied.•Effect of Li doping on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films.•Li doped NiO films can be used as transparent conductors.
This book examines commercially successful films that depict or are inspired by Chinese martial arts, and that were made by major film artists of the Chinese diaspora—native Chinese that migrated and ...settled in other areas of the world. Specifically, Szeto discusses the work of John Woo, Jackie Chan, and Ang Lee.
High-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HF-PECVD) is a widely applicable method of deposition over a large area at a high rate for fabricating silicon thin-film solar cells. This ...investigation presents the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films and the preparation of highly-efficient p–i–n solar cells using an RF (27.1
MHz) excitation frequency. The influence of the power (10–40
W) and pressure (20–50
Pa) used during the deposition of absorber layers in p–i–n solar cells on the properties and mechanism of growth of the a-Si:H thin films and the solar cells is studied. The a-Si:H thin films prepared under various deposition conditions have widely varying deposition rates, optical-electronic properties and microstructures. When the deposition parameters were optimized, amorphous silicon-based thin-film silicon solar cells with efficiency of 7.6% were fabricated by HF-PECVD. These results are very encouraging for the future fabrication of highly-efficient thin-film solar cells by HF-PECVD.
Perovskite-type transparent and conductive Sb- and Nd-doped SrSnO3 thin films were epitaxially grown on SrTiO3(001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. It was found that these films exhibited high ...optical transmittance above 90% in the visible region, and behaved as n-type semiconductors with good conductivity. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of these films were systematically investigated as functions of doping contents and deposition temperatures. The optimal doping content and growth conditions were also revealed. The Sb-doped SrSnO3 films showed a cubic perovskite structure with the lattice constant of about 4.034Aa and direct allowed band gap of 4.53eV. Minimum resistivity of 21m Omega cm was observed at room temperature in the 5% Nd-doped SrSnO3 films and it was affected by the growth temperature.
