Th e aim of this study was to examine the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of methanol and chloroform extracts of leaves and twigs of Daphne blagayana. Th e total phenolic ...content in the chloroform extract of plant twigs (90.26 ± 0.69 mg GA/g) was higher than that of the other extracts (from 76.56±0.89 to 77.45±0.43 mg GA/g). In the case of flavonoids, a greater value was also obtained for the chloroform extract of twigs (35.24±0.55 mg RU/g). Several diff erent methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the tested extracts, including total antioxidant capacity, metal chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that although secondary metabolites of the plants may contribute significantly to their antioxidant activities, those antioxidant activities were not directly related to the phenolic and flavonoid amounts. Th e results of the present analysis demonstrated, for the first time, that Daphne blagayana leaves and twigs possess high phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as potential antioxidant activity. Th is study suggests that Daphne blagayana twigs and leaves may potentially be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants.
Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita fenolni i flavodnoidni sadržaj, kao i antioksidativna aktivnost metanolskih i hloroformskih ekstrakta lišća i grančica biljke Daphne blagayana. Ukupan sadržaj fenola u hloroformskom ekstraktu grančica (90.26±0.69 mg GA/g) bio je veći od sadržaja u ostalim ekstraktima (od 76.56±0.89 do 77.45±0.43 mg GA/g). U slučaju flavonoida, maksimalna vrednost je takođe zabeležena kod hloroformskog ekstrakta grančica (35.24±0.55 mg RU/g). Nekoliko različitih metoda su korišćeno za određivanje antioksidantne aktivnosti testiranih ekstrakata uključujući ukupan antioksidantni kapacitet, metal helacionu aktivnost, aktivnost hidroksi radikala i inhibitornu aktivnost prema lipidnoj peroksidaciji. Naši rezultati su pokazali da, iako sekundarni metabolite biljaka mogu značajno doprineti antioksidantnim aktivnostima, ove aktivnosti nisu bile uvek direktno povezane sa količinom fenola i flavonoida u ekstraktima. Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su pokazali, po prvi put, da grančice i lišče biljke Daphne blagayana poseduju visok sadržaj fenola i flavonoida i potencijalno antioksidantno delovanje. Ova studija je pokazala da se lišće i grančice ove biljke mogu potencijalno koristiti kao pristupačan izvor prirodnih antioksidanasa.
Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract and fractions from the stem bark of T. catigua was investigated. IC50 (for DPPH scavenging) by T. catigua varied from 9.17 ± 0.63 to 76.42 ± 5.87 mg mL-1 ...and total phenolic content varied from 345.63 ± 41.08 to 601.27 ± 42.59 mg GAE g-1 of dry extract. Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by the ethanolic extract and fractions. Mitochondrial Ca2+-induced dichlorofluorescein oxidation was significantly reduced by the ethanolic extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Ethanolic extract reduced mitochondrial Dym only at high concentrations (40-100 mg mL-1), which indicates that its toxicity does not overlap with its antioxidant effects. Results suggest involvement of antioxidant activities of T. catigua in its pharmacological properties.
U radu je opisano ispitivanje antioksidativnog u~inka etanolnog ekstrakta i pojedinih frakcija kore stabljike T. catigua. IC50 (za DPPH test) varirao je izme|u 9,17 ± 0,63 i 76,42 ± 5,87 mg mL-1, a ukupni sadr`aj fenola od 345,63 ± 41,08 i 601,27 ± 42,59 mg GAE po gramu suhog ekstrakta. Etanolni ekstrakt i frakcije zna~ajno su reducirale Fe2+-induciranu lipidnu peroksidaciju. Nadalje, reducirana je oksidacija diklorfluoresceina inducirana ionima kalcija u mitohondrijima, a redukcija je ovisila o dozi etanolnog ekstrakta. Etanolni ekstrakt smanjio je mitohondrijsku Dym samo pri visokim koncentracijama (40 ± 100 mg mL-1), {to ukazuje da se toksi~nost ne preklapa s antioksidativnim u~inkom. Rezultati pokazuju da u farmakolo{ko djelovanje T. catigua treba uklju~iti i antioksidativni u~inak.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Antioxidative activity of flavonoids has been a subject of intensive experimental and theoretical investigation. Nevertheless, the ...research concerning antioxidative action of baicalein has been initiated only recently. Within this doctoral disertation the mechanisms of antioxidative action of baicalein: HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer), SET-PT (Sequential Electron Transfer – Proton Transfer), and SPLET (Sequential Proton Loss Electron Transfer) were examined. The investigation of antioxidative activity of baicalein was performed in correlation with the investigation of structural and electronic properties of baicalein. The results of the present doctoral disertation were obtained by using the DFT methods, as implemented in the Gaussian program package: M05-2X, B3LYP and RVE, combined with the 6-311+G(d,p) and 6-311+G(2df,p) basis sets. The calculations were performed for the gas phase and aqueous solution. To estimate the effects of water as solvent a continuum-based solvation model, CPCM, was used. The NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) analysis of all optimized geometries was performed, to reveal the effects that emanate from the electronic structure. Baicalein is a non-planar molecule, as documented with the experimental (9.0°) and calculated (24.5º) value for the dihedral angle between the V and S rings. In its most stable conformation baicalein has three hydrogen bonds with the stabilizing effect. The DH(H5--O4) hydrogen bond contributes most to the stabilization of the baicalein molecule. This finding was confirmed with the NBO analysis. The vibrational and UV/Vis spectra of baicalein were simulated, and compared to the corresponding experimental spectra. Excellent agreement between the experimentally obtained and simulated IR, Raman and UV spectra was achieved. Using the simulated spectra, a precise assignation of the vibrational modes in the IR and Raman spectra was accomplished. Some molecular orbitals of baicalein were distinguished. The electron transitions responsible for the UV spectrum occur among these orbitals. All radicals, anions, and radical cation of baicalein were examined, because they play a significant role in the antioxidative mechanisms of baicalein. The 6 site is most favorable for homolytic cleavage of the О–Н bond in the gas phase, whereas the 7 site is most favorable for heterolytic cleavage of the О–Н bond in the aqueous solution. The spin density distribution in the most stable О6R1 radical reveals that the unpaired electron is delocalized very well. This finding can explain the stability of this radical and antioxidative action of baicalein according to the НАТ mechanism. The charge distribution in the most stable anion О7А2 showed that there is delocalization of the negative charge in the А ring. This anion is strongly stabilized in the aqueous solution. Antioxidative action of baicalein according to the SPLET mechanism can be attributed to this fact. Our investigations predict a planar structure of the baicalein radical cation. An interesting feature of the radical cation in comparison to the baicalein molecule is that the H atom is transferred from О5 to О4. In this way delocalization of the unpaired electron is realized over the A ring, and, thus, the instability induced by the loss of an electron is reduced. Heterolytic dissociation of the radical cation yields three radicals. The structures of all three radicals were examined. It was found that the spin density delocalization is most pronounced in the thermodynamically most stable C6–O radical. BDE, PА, and IP values served to determine thermodynamically most favorable reaction pathway. The НАТ mechanism is most favorable reaction pathway for antioxidative action of baicalein in the gas phase. On the other hand, the SPLET mechanism is most favorable reaction pathway for antioxidative action of baicalein in the aqueous phase. SETPT is not favorable mechanism of antioxidative action of baicalein in either gas or aqueous phase. Mechanistic investigations of antioxidative action of baicalein have been commenced. A simulation of the reaction of baicalein with the hydroxyl radical confirmed that HAT is the dominant reaction pathway in the gas phase, and that the 6 position is most reactive. Due to the higher energies of the p orbitals of the hydroxide and methanthiolate anions in comparison to the energy of the SOMO of the radical cation, the radical cation does not conform to the SET-PT, but to the HAT mechanism in the gas phase. So far, our mechanistic investigations are in perfect accord with the results of theromodynamical research. Bearing in mind the findings of previous research regarding antioxidative activity of flavonoids, the results of this doctoral disertation provide a significant contribution to understanding the complex mechanisms through which antioxidative action of baicalein is realized. It should be emphasized that there are very few published results in this scientific field. It is expected that these results, by applying complementary approaches, will contribute to a better understanding of the structural and electronic properties of other polyphenols.- Iako je antioksidativna aktivnost flavonoida objekat veoma intezivnog eksperimentalnog i teorijskog istraživanja, antioksidativno delovanje bajkaleina se ispituje tek odnedavno. U okviru ove disertacije ispitivani su mehanizmi antioksidativnog delovanja bajkaleina, i to HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer), SET-PT (Sequential Electron Transfer – Proton Transfer) i SPLET (Sequential Proton Loss Electron Transfer). Ispitivanje antioksidativnih aktivnosti bajkaleina je izvedeno u korelaciji sa ispitivanjem strukturnih i elektronskih osobina bajkaleina. Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije dobijeni su pomoću metoda funkcionala gustine, koje su implementirane u programski paket Gaussian: M05-2X, B3LYP i RVE, u kombinaciji sa bazisnim skupovima 6-311+G(d,p) i 6-311+G(2df,p). Proračuni su izvedeni za gasovitu fazu i vodeni rastvor. Za procenu efekata vode kao rastvarača korišćen je solvatacioni model zasnovan na kontinumu – SRSM. Urađena je NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) analiza svih optimizovanih geometrija radi utvrđivanja efekata koji proističu iz elektronske strukture. Bajkalein je neplanaran molekul, što pokazuje eksperimentalna (9.0°) i izračunata (24.5º) vrednost za diedarski ugao između prstenova V i S. U najstabilnijoj konformaciji bajkalein ima tri vodonične veze koje imaju stabilizacioni efekat. Vodonična veza DH(H5--O4) daje najveći doprinos stabilizaciji molekula bajkaleina, što je potvrdila i NBO analiza. Izvršeno je simuliranje vibracionih i UV/Vis spektara bajkaleina i poređenje sa odgovarajućim eksperimentalnim spektrima. Postignuto je odlično slaganje između eksperimentalno dobijenih i simuliranih IR, Ramanskih i UV spektara. Uz pomoć simuliranih spektara izvršena je precizna asignacija vibracionih modova u IR i Ramanskom spektru. Određene su molekulske orbitale bajkaleina između kojih se vrše elektronski prelazi odgovorni za UV spektar. Ispitani su svi radikali, anjoni i radikal katjon bajkaleina, koji imaju važnu ulogu u antioksidativnim mehanizmima bajkaleina. Položaj 6 najpovoljniji je za homolitičko raskidanje O–N veze u gasovitoj fazi, dok je položaj 7 najpovoljniji za heterolitičko raskidanje O–N veze u vodenoj fazi. Raspodela spinske gustine u najstabilnijem O6R1 radikalu pokazuje da je nespareni elektron veoma dobro Izvršeno je simuliranje vibracionih i UV/Vis spektara bajkaleina i poređenje sa odgovarajućim eksperimentalnim spektrima. Postignuto je odlično slaganje između eksperimentalno dobijenih i simuliranih IR, Ramanskih i UV spektara. Uz pomoć simuliranih spektara izvršena je precizna asignacija vibracionih modova u IR i Ramanskom spektru. Određene su molekulske orbitale bajkaleina između kojih se vrše elektronski prelazi odgovorni za UV spektar. Ispitani su svi radikali, anjoni i radikal katjon bajkaleina, koji imaju važnu ulogu u antioksidativnim mehanizmima bajkaleina. Položaj 6 najpovoljniji je za homolitičko raskidanje O–N veze u gasovitoj fazi, dok je položaj 7 najpovoljniji za heterolitičko raskidanje O–N veze u vodenoj fazi. Raspodela spinske gustine u najstabilnijem O6R1 radikalu pokazuje da je nespareni elektron veoma dobro.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
The paper describes the bioassay-guided isolation, structure elucidation and anticancer evaluation of five flavonoids (-)-liquiritigenin (1), (-)-neoliquiritin (2), isoliquiritigenin (3), ...isoliquiritin (4) and formononetin (5) from the twigs of Jacaranda obtusifolia H. B. K. ssp. rhombifolia (G. F. W. Meijer) Gentry. The structures were elucidated based on 1H, 13C NMR, comprehensive 2D NMR, MS analyses and comparison with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1 and 3 were demonstrated to be inhibitory in vitro against NCI-H187 (small cell lung cancer) with IC50 values of 30.1 and 16.6 μg mL-1, respectively. The isolates were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells (African green monkey kidney).
U radu je opisana izolacija, određivanje strukture i antitumorsko djelovanje pet flavonoida: ()-likviritigenina (1), ()-neolikviritina (2), izolikviritigenina (3), izolikviritina (4) i formononetina (5) iz plodova biljke Jacaranda obtusifolia H. B. K. ssp. rhombifolia (G. F. W. Meijer) Gentry. Strukture su određene na temelju 1H, 13C NMR, 2D NMR, MS i usporedbom s ranije objavljenim spektroskopskim podacima. Spojevi 1 i 3 imaju inhibitorni učinak in vitro na tumorsku staničnu liniju raka pluća NCI-H187 (IC50 vrijednost 30,1, odnosno 16,6 μg mL1). Izolirani flavonoidi nisu citotoksični za Vero stanice (bubrež ne stanice afričkog zelenog majmuna).
Microgreens from common and tartary buckwheat genotypes were evaluated for total flavonoid content (rutin, quercetine and kaempferol separately), bound phenolic acids content, carotenoids and ...α-tocopherol content and antioxidant activity. The results have shown that in common and tartary buckwheat microgreens antioxidant activity was found. High level of flavonoids, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol was detected as well. Higher amount of flavonoids was found out in tartary buckwheat microgreens. No significant differences were detected between common and tartary buckwheat microgreens in content of phenolic acids. Microgreens of both common and tartary buckwheat represent potential nutritional sources for alternative vegetable in the Czech Republic.
Vsebnost celokupnih flavonoidov (posebej rutina, kvercetina in kempferola), vezanih fenolnih kislin, karotenoidov, α-tokoferola in antioksidantna aktivnost so bili raziskani pri mladih rastlinah navadne in tatarske ajde. Ugotovljena je antioksidativna aktivnost izvlečkov mladih rastlin navadne in tatarske ajde ter visoka vsebnost flavonoidov, karotenoidov in α-tokoferola. Posebej visoka vsebnost flavonoidov je bila ugotovljena pri tatarski ajdi, medtem ko glede na vsebnost fenolnih snovi ni bilo razlike med mladimi rastlinami navadne in tatarske ajde. Mlade rastline tako navadne kot tatarske ajde so možen alternativni vir zelenjave v Češki republiki
POLIFENOLI I FLAVONOIDI U MEDU Kurtagić, Harun
Hrana u zdravlju i bolesti,
06/2017, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Biljke proizvode sve biološki aktivne sastojke hrane. Sekundarne metabolite biljaka koji su odgovorni za ljekovito djelovanje kako u samim biljkama tako i drugim organizmima mogu proizvesti samo ...biljke. Ljekovitost biljaka je uglavnom zasnovana na djelovanju polifenola od kojih posebno mjesto zauzimaju flavonoidi. Pčele medarice (Appis melifera) putem nektara, polena i medljike donose u košnicu polifenole koji su široko distribuirani u biljnom svijetu. Iako je sadržaj polifenola u medu relativno mali oni su veoma zaslužni za njegove ljekovite osobine. Pčela ih u med ugrađuje u formi u kakvoj su ih biljke proizvele, u slobodnoj formi ili formi glikozida. Njihov broj i količina koji se mogu naći u medu varira u odnosu na čitav niz faktora kao što su kvaliteta pčelinje paše, sezona sakupljanja meda, geografsko područje i sl. Znanstveno je ustanovljeno da biljke proizvode nekoliko tisuća različitih polifenola, a da im je zajednička osobina sprječavanje nastajanja bolesti kako u samim biljkama tako u sisavcima i čovjeku. Osnovno djelovanje im se zasniva na sprječavanju nastajanja veoma reaktivnih slobodnih radikala. Kemijska struktura im je zasnovana na fenilpropanskom kosturu (C6- C3- C6), a njihova biološka aktivnost na broju, poziciji i vrsti supstituenata. Većina dosadašnjih istraživanja su rađena na sadržaju ukupnih polifenola u medu i sadržaja samo manjeg broja flavonoida kao što flavonoli kvercetin i kamferol ili flavonon naringenin. Neki flavonoidi su označeni kao markeri određene sorte meda. Najveći broj ispitivanja sadržaja flavonoida je rađen u aromatičnim i ljekovitim biljkama, voću, povrću i čajevima. Zbog izuzetnog značaja ovih spojeva za živi svijet za očekivati je da će se njihova naučna istraživanja dodatno intenzivirati. Med kao poseban dar prirode oduvijek važi kao hrana i lijek, međutim njegova ljekovitost nije u potpunosti istražena, stoga je za očekivati da će se znanstvena istraživanja kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog sadržaja flavonoida u medu i drugim pčelinjim proizvodima nastaviti.
Polifenolni profil hrvatskog propolisa i vina Medić-Šarić, Marica; Bojić, Mirza; Rastija, Vesna ...
Food technology and biotechnology,
06/2013, Letnik:
51, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Polifenoli su široko rasprostranjeni prirodni spojevi, koji uz farmakološko djelovanje imaju i bakteriostatski/baktericidni, antifungalni, protuupalni, kemopreventivni, citostatski, imunomodulacijski ...i antioksidacijski učinak. Upotrebljavaju se kao funkcionalna hrana u svakodnevnoj prehrani, a u većoj su količini prisutni u propolisu, vinu i različitom ljekovitom bilju. U ovom su radu opisani postupci kemijske analize (spektrofotometrija, visokodjelotvorna tekućinska kromatografija, visokodjelotvorna tankoslojna kromatografija, vezani sustav plinske kromatografije i spektrometrije masa, itd.) polifenola, tj. udjela flavonoida i fenolnih kiselina za određivanje autentičnosti i porijekla propolisa i vina. Navedene su analize osnova za kontrolu kvalitete propolisa, vina i ostalih prehrambenih dodataka koji pozitivno utječu na zdravlje.
Pravilna prehrana smatra se jednim od bitnih preduvjeta
zdravog života. Prevencija bolesti, poboljšanje zdravlja i
funkcionalnih sposobnosti u sportaša i rekreativaca doveli
su do povećanja interesa ...za spojevima s bioaktivnim
djelovanjem. Polifenoli su jedni od tih spojeva. Njihova
široka dostupnost i specifični fiziološki učinci prezentiraju
ih kao jedinstvene prehrambene spojeve. U dosadašnjim
istraživanjima povezanosti polifenola i potencijalnog učinka
na zdravlje uočen je pozitivni učinak kod kardiovaskularnih,
metaboličkih i neurodegenerativnih bolesti s obzirom
na njihovu protuoksidacijsku, protukancerogenu,
protualergijsku i protuupalnu aktivnost. Posebno se može
promatrati njihova uloga funkcionalne hrane kod sportaša
i rekreativaca zbog jedinstvenih zahtjeva u psihofizičkom
smislu. Učinci polifenola pomažu u različitim fiziološkim
stanjima koja slijede za vrijeme i nakon tjelesne aktivnosti.
Pokazane su značajne uloge u zaštiti i oporavku mišića
i kostiju, prevenciji metaboličkih bolesti i održavanju
mentalnog zdravlja sportaša i rekreativaca.
Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), phenolic and flavonoid determinations were performed on ready-to-eat fresh or cooked vegetables, sprouts, frozen vegetables and fresh and dehydrated fruits. ...The peel and pulp of fresh fruit was compared as well. In the minimally processed vegetables, the reduction of phenolic and ORAC values ranged from 10 to 40% in comparison with fresh vegetables; a 80% reduction was found in frozen vegetables, depending on the texture of the vegetable and the consequent blanching time. Some sprouts were shown to possess a high ORAC and can be considered useful ingredients to increase the antioxidant capacity of salads. Dried fruits showed a 25-55% decrease in ORAC when compared with fresh fruits. In two cultivars of apple and pear, the ORAC value of the peel was 6-9 fold higher than the one of the pulp. The results are discussed from the standpoint of nutritional value and quality of the adopted processing technology
Questo lavoro presenta l'applicazione del metodo ORAC, ovvero della capacità di assorbimento dei radicali perossilici, da parte di estratti vegetali e frutti. La determinazione del parametro ORAC, della concentrazione di polifenoli e flavonoidi è stata effettuata su vegetali freschi o cotti pronti per l'uso, su germogli di vari semi, vegetali congelati, frutti disidratati e frutti freschi. Sui frutti freschi è stato effettuato un confronto fra la buccia e la polpa. I valori ORAC dei vegetali trasformati e pronti per l'uso mostravano un decremento variabile tra il 10 e il 40% rispetto ai vegetali freschi; nei vegetali surgelati il decremento massimo rilevato è stato dell'80%, a seconda della durezza del vegetale e del corrispondente tempo di blanching. I frutti disidratati mostravano un decremento di ORAC, rispetto ai freschi, variabile dal 25 al 55%. In due cultivar di mele e pere, l'ORAC della buccia era 6-9 volte più elevato del valore della polpa. I risultati sono discussi dal punto di vista del valore nutrizionale e della qualità della tecnologia di trasformazione
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- In terms of the number of species, the genus Thymus is one of the most
important genera within the Lamiaceae family. The number of ...species may vary
depending on the approach of the author, but if the concept of minimal
variability is chosen 215 species have been described. This genus is divided
into 8 sections. In Flora of Serbia, 31 species and more than 100
ifraspecific taxa have been described, all of which belong to section
Serpyllum, except Thymus comptus and Th. striatus (Sect. Hyphodromi) and Th.
vulgaris (Sect. Thymus). Reproductive isolation between species seems to be
weak, which makes taxonomical studies in this genus even more difficult.
Species of genus Thymus are used as aromatic and medicinal plants in both
traditional and modern medicine in all regions where they grow. The aim of
this work was to describe different chemotypes within species and population
of this genus and, by analysis of surface flavonoids and AFLP markers,
provide better insight into genetic and evolutional relationships among the
populations and species of the genus Thymus from Serbia. This work included
populations of Th. pulegioides (Subsect. Alternantes), Th. glabrescens, Th.
maschallianus and Th. pannonicus (Subsect. Isolepides), Th. balcanus and Th.
praecox (Subsect. Peudomarginati). Analysis of essential oils was done by
TD-GC-MS system, and compounds were identified by comparing RI and/or mass
spectra with published data. 103 compounds were identified. Three major group
of essential oil compounds were identified: monoterpene hydrocarbons,
oxygenated monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Based on
relative abundance of compounds, Corelation, PCA and Cluster analysis were
performed, and it revealed the existence of several chemotypes, such as
geraniol, phenol, germacrene-D, citral, linalool, (E)-caryophyllene,
α-terpinyl acetate and linalyl acetate chemotype. Analysis of surface
flavonoids was done by LC-DAD i LC-APCI-MS. Fifteen different flavones were
identified. The analysed populations can be divided into two main profile
groups; the first group comprises populations containing generally low and
medium concentrations, as well as thoese with trace concentrations of surface
flavonoids. In this group the dominant flavones were with a 5,6-diOH-7-OMe
and 5,6-diOH-7,8-diOMe A-ring substitution pattern. The second group
comprises populations containing generally low quantities of surface
flavonoids, and with dominant 5-OH-6,7-diOMe and 5-OH-6,7,8-triOMe A-ring
substitution pattern. Th. pulegioides, Th. glabrescens i Th. balcanus, and
some populations of Th. pannonicus belong to first group, while Th.
marschallianus, some populations of Th. pannonicus and Th. praecox belong to
the second group. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were
used to assess genetic relations of 32 Thymus populations belonging to seven
species of genus Thymus, section Serpyllum from Serbia. Analysis of molecular
variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the genetic diversity was attributable
to differences among individuals within populations, while the remaining
variability was almost equally distributed among species and among
populations within species. The pairwise AMOVA analyses further showed that
species differentiation was significant in all cases, except between Th.
marschallianus and Th. pannonicus. All the individuals belonging to Th.
pulegioides (subsection Alternantes) formed a well-supported clade, the most
divergent from all other species in this study. According to these results,
the subsection Isolepides is polyphyletic. Th. glabrescens is clearly
separated from the other two species of this subsection (Th. marschallianus,
Th. pannonicus). Although morphologically distinguishable by leaf indumentum,
individuals belonging to Th. marschallianus and Th. pannonicus could not be
differentiated at the molecular level. The species belonging to subsection
Pseudomarginati formed a monophyletic clade, although not supported by high
bootstrap value. The clade is further divided into three well-supported
clades representing distinct species (Th. balcanus, Th. praecox and Th.
moesiacus). AFLP markers demonstrated, in the case of selected species of
genus Thymus, that they could be suitable for studying complex genetic
relationships, including frequent interspecies hybridization events, although
strict reticulate evolutionary history could not be determined. All the
population genetic parameters in the section Serpyllium suggests that the
reproductive incompatibility between species is very weak indicating strong
reticulating system, especially in the case when two or more species occur
sympatrically.- Rod Thymus je po broju vrsta jedan od najznačajnijih u okviru familije
Lamiaceae. U zavisnosti od pristupa autora broj vrsta unutar roda varira,
međutim ukoliko se izabere pristup minimalne varijabilnosti, prema
raspoloživim podacima opisano je 215 vrsta ovog roda. Vrste ovog roda
podeljene su u osam sekcija. U flori Srbije opisana je, do sada, 31 vrsta i
preko 100 infraspecijskih taksona, koje sve pripadaju podsekciji Serpyllum,
sa izuzetkom vrsta Thymus comptus i Th. striatus (Sect. Hyphodromi) i Th.
vulgaris (Sect. Thymus). Reproduktivna izolacija između vrsta ovog roda je
izuzetno slaba što čini taksonomska istraživanja još težim. Vrste roda Thymus
koriste se kao lekovite i aromatične biljke u tradicionalnoj i zvaničnoj
medicini u svim krajevima u kojima se javljaju. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se
opišu različiti hemotipovi unutar vrsta i populaciju ovog roda kao i da se
analizom površinskih flavonoida i AFLP markera poboljša uvid u genetičke i
evolutivne odnose između populacija vrsta ovog roda sa područja Srbije. U ovo
istrživajne uključene su populacije vrsta Th. pulegioides (Subsect.
Alternantes), Th. glabrescens, Th. maschallianus i Th. pannonicus (Subsect.
Isolepides), Th. balcanus i Th. praecox (Subsect. Peudomarginati) Analiza
sastava etarskih ulja vršena je pomoću TD-GC-MS sistema, a jedinjenja su
određen upoređivanjem RI i/ili masenog spektra sa literaturnim podacima.
Identifikovana su ukupno 103 jedinjenja. Identifikovane su, po brojnosti, tri
glavne grupe jedinjenja: seskviterpenski ugljovodonici, oksigenovani
monoterpenski ugljovodonici i monoterpenski ugljovodonici. Statistička obrada
sastava etarskih ulja uključila je korelacije, analizu glavnih komponenti i
klaster analizu. Statistička obrada je pokazala da se, po relativnoj
zastupljenosti jedinjenja, mogu razlikovati geraniolni, fenolni, germakren-D,
citralni, linaloolni, (E)-kariofilen, α-terpinil acetat i linalil acetatni
hemotip. Analiza površinskih flavonoida vršena je pomoću LC-DAD i LC-APCI-MS.
Utvrđeno je prisustvo 15 površinskih flavonoida. Ispitivane populacije se
mogu podeliti u dve grupe. U prvoj grupi su vrste koje imaju niske i srednje
količine površinskih flavonoida, kao i one kod kojih su se površinski
flavonoidi nalazili samo u tragovima. Kod ove grupe su najzastupljeniji
flavoni sa 5,6-diOH-7-OMe i 5,6-diOH-7,8-diOMe supstitucionom šemom u A
prstenu. U drugu grupu bi se mogle svrstati populacije koje, uglavnom, imaju
malu količinu površinskih flavonoida i kod kojih je su najzastupljeniji
flavoni sa 5-OH-6,7-diOMe i 5-OH-6,7,8-triOMe supstitucionom šemom u A
prstenu. Prvoj grupi pripadaju populacije vrsta Th. pulegioides, Th.
glabrescens i Th. balcanus, kao i neke populacije Th. pannonicus, dok drugoj
grupi pripadaju populacije Th. marschallianus, neke populacije Th. pannonicus
i Th. praecox. AFLP markeri su korišćeni da bi se utvrdili genetički odnosi
između odabranih populacija vrsta roda Thymus, sekcija Serpyllum. Analiza
molekularne varijanse (AMOVA) je pokazala da najviše genetičkog diverziteta
potiče od razlika među individuama unutar populacija, dok je ostatak
diverziteta gotovo jednako raspodeljen između vrsta i između populacija
unutar vrsta. Dvosmerna AMOVA je dalje pokazala da je diferencijacija među
vrstama bila značajna u svim slučajevima osim između Th. marschallianus i Th.
pannonicus. Sve jedinke koje su pripadale Th. pulegioides (Podsekcija
Alternantes) formirale su dobro podržanu kladu, koja je najviše divergirala
od ostalih vrsta. Prema dobijenim rezultatima podsekcija Isolepides je
polifiletska. Th. glabrescens se jasno odvaja od druge dve vrste ove
podsekcije (Th. marschallianus, Th. pannonicus). Th. marschallianus i Th.
pannonicus, iako se jasno razlikuju morfološki po indumentumu, na
molekularnim nivo se ne mogu razdvojiti. Vrste koje pripadaju podsekciji
Pseudomarginati su formirale monofiletsku kladu, mada ova nije bila podržana
visokom bootstrap vrednošću. Ova klada se dalje delila u tri dobro podržane
klade koje su predstavljale pojedinačne vrste (Th. balcanus, Th. praecox i
Th. moesiacus). Primena AFLP markera, u slučaju izabranih vrsta roda Thymus,
se pokazala prikladnom za razrešavanje kompleksnih genetičkih odnosa koji
uključuju i česte hibridizacije među vrstama, mada striktna retikulatna
evolucija ne može biti određena. Svi pokazatelji populacione genetike u
sekciji Serpyllum ukazuju da je reproduktivna izolacija među vrstama slaba i
uključuje izražen retikulatni sistem, naročito u slučajevima kada se dve ili
više vrsta javljaju simpatrički.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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