A major theoretical statement by a distinguished political scholar explains why a policy of liberal hegemony is doomed to failIn this major statement, the renowned international-relations scholar ...John Mearsheimer argues that liberal hegemony, the foreign policy pursued by the United States since the Cold War ended, is doomed to fail. It makes far more sense, he maintains, for Washington to adopt a more restrained foreign policy based on a sound understanding of how nationalism and realism constrain great powers abroad.It is widely believed in the West that the United States should spread liberal democracy across the world, foster an open international economy, and build institutions. This policy of remaking the world in America's image is supposed to protect human rights, promote peace, and make the world safe for democracy. But this is not what has happened. Instead, the United States has ended up as a highly militarized state fighting wars that undermine peace, harm human rights, and threaten liberal values at home. Mearsheimer tells us why this has happened.
The relations between the states of the Mamluks and the Golden Horde aimed at common interests were shaped and developed around the discourse of the common enemy. Accordingly, the parties had drawn ...the image of allies until the third reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. However, with the effects from differing conjunctures, Sultan al-Nasir made a policy change and tried to pursue a policy of balance between the Golden Horde and llkhanate states. In the post-llkhanid period, the attempt was made to revive Mamluk-Golden Horde relations, this time around another common enemy discourse. This study aims to determine these aforementioned relations, examine them in all their aspects, and also provide a new interpretation regarding their general nature.
Introduction. Contemporary Russian-U.S. relations have reached freezing point, but expert community continues to analyze possibilities and produce recommendations for the Russian policy of the ...incoming administration. The study of the debate is important not only for the political and diplomatic purposes but also for better understanding of the mechanisms shaping Russia’s image in the United States. Methods and materials. The article provides an analysis of the exchange of expert opinions published in the USA in August – November of 2020, including five open letters published on Politico web site, report of the Atlantic Council and several articles addressing similar themes on the pages of American periodicals. Analysis. Texts of the letters are analyses for their argument and recommendations and compared between each other. The author underlines the difference between the groups of the signatories, depending on their relative experience in working in and on Russia or in the Eastern Europe and suggests correction to the Tsvetan Todorov’ approach to the understanding of links between knowledge about and practice towards the “Other”. Results. The author notes the existence of the centuries-old legacies of the American approaches to Russia: similar descriptions of Russia persist from the late 19th century to 2020. He also highlights an absence of a Russian position in the debate, while positions of Eastern Europeans and Ukrainians were provided by separate letters.
The value system and national characteristics that shape a nation's identity as a nation-state usually give rise to and influence that nation's foreign policy, which is then theorized, formulated, ...and put into practice on the ground in accordance with the achievement of that nation's short-, medium-, and long-term objectives. The United States of America is not an exception as a superpower in the world order. This study aims to identify the key elements of American foreign policy's theoretical and philosophical underpinnings with the help of the descriptive-explanatory approach and a theoretical viewpoint. To prioritize and emphasize each of these elements and influencing factors at any given time, it also studies and explains each of their nature and philosophical traits. The research's findings also demonstrate that the three main pillars of American foreign policy's philosophical and theoretical framework after World War II were national interests, including economic interests, security interests, and ideological interests, along with American identity and values. These three elements, which have been influenced by doctrines of presidents, exceptionalism and selfsuperiority, neoconservatism, belief in a historical mission in relation to world leadership, efforts to provide the best and most effective foreign policy strategy to secure interests and America's national security, and the spread of liberal democratic values in the world, have led me to this conclusion.
Bu makalenin amacı bir ülkenin başka bir ülkedeki yumuşak gücünün anketler aracılıǧıyla ölçülüp ölçülemeyeceǧini test etmektir. Türkiye'nin Kosova'daki yumuşak gücü örnek vaka olarak seçilmiştir. ...Nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve veri toplamak için aynı 500 Kosova vatandaşıyla iki farklı dönemde iki anket yapılmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen bulgular ve analiz sonucunda katılımcıların iki farklı dönemde Türkiye'nin sayısal olarak ölçülebilir olan ekonomik ve askeri gücüne dair verdikleri cevapların istikrarlı ve benzer olduǧu, ancak ölçümü zor olan Türk dış politikası, siyasal deǧerleri ve kültürel gücüne dair cevapların deǧişken olduǧu sonucuna varılmıştır. Cazibenin anketlerde sayısallaştırılarak analize eklenmesinin zor olduǧu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Cazibe ile dış politika arasındaki nedensellik mekanizmasının anketler aracılıǧıyla açıklanmasının sorunlu olduǧu görülmüştür.
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