A key aspect of self-forgiveness is that one needs to acknowledge one's failings and their consequences. The present study used the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and an explicit ...IRAP analog measure to examine (1) responding to perceived failure following exposure to an insoluble task, and (2) the effect of a defusion intervention on responding in this context. Participants (n = 29) were first assessed for baseline performance on an IRAP and IRAP analog that assessed participants in terms of perceived relations between performance (success vs. failure) and feelings (positive vs. negative). They were then exposed to the insoluble task, after which they were asked to report on their performance and their feelings in relation to the task. They were subsequently assigned to hear either a defusion (n = 14) or control (n = 15) audio recording and were reexposed to the implicit and explicit measures. IRAP results showed significant denial of failure as leading to positive feelings for both groups following the insoluble task, whereas the explicit (IRAP analog) measure failed to show any comparable effect of this task. As regards the defusion intervention, no effect was seen at the implicit level whereas effects at the explicit level were ambiguous. Results and future directions are discussed.
Different types of forgiveness tend to be studied independently of each other. This study therefore investigated the interplay among divine forgiveness, self-forgiveness, and interpersonal ...forgiveness. Using two samples of 348 and 449 participants, we examined the relations among the three types of forgiveness and showed that they were positively correlated with each other. Divine forgiveness did not act as a third variable accounting for the relationship between self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. However, divine forgiveness was shown to play a moderating role in the relationship between the two earthly types of forgiveness. Specifically, controlling for religiosity and impression management, divine forgiveness moderated their relationship in that self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness were more highly related to each other as levels of perceived divine forgiveness increased. The unique features of divine forgiveness that might account for its moderating role in the self-interpersonal forgiveness association are identified and avenues for further research are outlined.
In this book, David Konstan argues that the modern concept of interpersonal forgiveness, in the full sense of the term, did not exist in ancient Greece and Rome. Even more startlingly, it is not ...fully present in the Hebrew Bible, nor in the New Testament or in the early Jewish and Christian commentaries on the Holy Scriptures. It would still be centuries - many centuries - before the idea of interpersonal forgiveness, with its accompanying ideas of apology, remorse, and a change of heart on the part of the wrongdoer, would emerge. For all its vast importance today in religion, law, politics and psychotherapy, interpersonal forgiveness is a creation of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the Christian concept of divine forgiveness was fully secularized. Forgiveness was God's province and it took a revolution in thought to bring it to earth and make it a human trait.
Interpersonal forgiveness, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness have all been related to depressive symptoms. But does each type of forgiveness account for unique variance in depression? Two ...studies examine this question. Study 1 (n = 574) showed that each form of forgiveness was related to concurrent depressive symptoms independently of the other two. The magnitude of the association was highest for self-forgiveness, followed by interpersonal forgiveness and then divine forgiveness. Study 2 (n = 446) provides a conceptual replication and extension of Study 1. Although all three types of forgiveness again accounted for unique variance in concurrent depressive symptoms, only interpersonal and self-forgiveness predicted depressive symptoms 10 weeks later. To help understand these findings the features of each type of forgiveness are re-examined. Several limitations of the studies and paths for future research are outlined.
Validating the Enright Forgiveness Inventory - 30 (EFI-30) Enright, Robert; Rique, Julio; Lustosa, Romulo ...
European journal of psychological assessment : official organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment,
03/2022, Letnik:
38, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study reports the process of item reduction of the
Enright Forgiveness Inventory - EFI, a measure of interpersonal
forgiveness, from 60 to 30 items for a more practical assessment of this
...construct. Data from the US were used in the creation of the new measure and
applied to seven nations: Austria, Brazil, Israel, South Korea, Norway,
Pakistan, and Taiwan. The question was: do the best EFI-30 items from the US
have discriminative power in seven other cultures? Results provided the
psychometric evidence for the reduced version of the EFI-30 across cultures. The
discrimination values are positive, suggesting that the selected items have the
sensitivity to differentiate accurately people with different degrees of
forgiveness and good psychometric properties of internal consistency.
According to some theorising, in collectivistic societies, forgiveness is mainly enacted to maintain relationships, not engender emotional transformation. This present study was designed to explore ...whether forgiveness affects decisional and emotional forgiveness in Indonesia, a country categorised as collectivistic. The evidence‐based REACH Forgiveness psychoeducational group intervention was adapted to collectivistic culture (REACH forgiveness collectivistic; REACH‐FC), and its efficacy was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Undergraduates in Indonesia (N = 97; 24 male; 73 female; ages 16–21) were randomly assigned within a 2 × 3(S) quasi‐experimental repeated‐measures design comparing immediate treatment (IT) and waiting list (WL) conditions Condition (IT, WL) × Time (S 3 time points). Harmonious value, a personality variable assessing the strength of participants' desire for group harmony, was the covariate. The condition × time (S) interactions for both decisional and emotional forgiveness were significant, challenging some previous literature. Clearly, not all forms of collectivism have similar effects when individuals and communities deal with transgressions.
Exploring a psychological phenomenon requires the availability of an instrument that provides an objective measure. Forgiveness is a measurable construct requiring a systematic and empirical analysis ...involving a theory and an instrument. While construct measurements are ubiquitous, a culturally designed measure of forgiveness using the Filipino language may account for reaching a wider reach and therefore exploration of the construct. This study aims to develop a forgiveness instrument showing various dimensions of forgiveness including the forgiveness-seeking and forgiveness-granting tendencies among Filipinos. The study involved 410 college students between 18 and 23 years old. Items were generated and tested for both dimensions with intrapersonal and interpersonal motivations as sub-scales. Factor analysis defined the sub-scales and some items were removed due to weak factor loading. The Filipino Seeking and Granting Forgiveness Inventory (Fil-SAGFI) was internally consistent,. and the components and their respective subscales significantly correlated with existing forgiveness scales. This study offers a culturally sensitive measure to assess various dimensions of forgiveness.
The world's longstanding religions emphasize divine forgiveness, yet systematic research on God's forgiveness is notably absent from the scientific literature. Because religious beliefs are a ...core-motivating feature in many peoples' lives, divine forgiveness requires attention if we are to attain a more complete understanding of human behavior. The goal of this article is to provide a roadmap for future research on divine forgiveness. Toward this end, it provides a review and critique on extant research followed by an analysis of the construct of divine forgiveness. This provides a segue to identifying and discussing several topics for future investigation, which include documenting how divine forgiveness is perceived and experienced, the role of mental representation of God and the role of various dimensions of one's relationship with God in understanding divine forgiveness, and the relations among types of forgiveness (divine, interpersonal and self-forgiveness). Also outlined are numerous approaches to the development of a psychometrically sound measure of divine forgiveness. The article concludes with a brief summary of salient issues.
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