The paper addresses the issues of the operation of urban settlements in the territory of the Volga Bolgaria in the second half of the 13th – early 15th centuries. Attention is drawn to their ...distribution and arrangement in the Middle Volga region after the Mongol conquest, as well as to the specifics of these settlements of this time period. The author makes a conclusion about the different distribution of settlement monuments in the area, as well as the quantitative ratio during the 10th–15th centuries. Based on a complex of archaeological information obtained in the course of their study, a conclusion is made about the continued development of urban planning in the territory of the Bolgar ulus of the Golden Horde and its long-term continuity. One of the examples was the continuity of pre-Mongol traditions in the construction and use of fortifications in individual settlements located in the region, as well as the preservation of technological methods in the construction of fortifications. In this regard, the paper addresses the differences from the cities of the central part of the Golden Horde state. The development of the city of Bolgar and its planning features are given as an example.
Around the mid-second millennium BC, some inhumations and disarticulated bones were buried in the area of the fortification lines at the Coppa Nevigata settlement (northern Apulia). This funerary ...custom appears to be anomalous in the context of Bronze Age southern Italy. On the other hand, such a burial location near to a fortification wall mirrors the funerary evidence from Bronze Age hillforts (castellieri/gradine) in Istria, a region that indeed had close relationships with northern Apulia. Evidence from other European regions is also taken into account, in order to evaluate to what extent this phenomenon was a distinctive trait pointing to interaction between the south-western and north-eastern Adriatic and what their nature was. European contexts offer only generic similarities, whereas the consistency of funerary practices at settlements in the Adriaticarea, based on a close association with defensive lines, appears to be far from random.
Any approach to the economic organization of a society depends on our knowledge of the productive forces and relations of production involved. In archaeology, this line of research requires an ...analysis of the technical quality and quantity of the means of production, as well as their spatial distribution and contextualisation. Macrolithic artefacts constituted the means of production in many of the productive processes of past communities, from the Neolithic period to the end of prehistory. This article seeks to utilize macrolithic data to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the economic organisation of the Chalcolithic communities in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula between c. 3100 and 2200 cal BC. These communities produced one of the most outstanding, but at the same time puzzling archaeological records known in later prehistory. The main aim of this exploratory approach, the first of its kind, is to determine if the different forms of occupation of the Chalcolithic, namely monumental, ditched enclosures, fortified and unfortified hill-top settlements, and simple, open settlements were distinguished by specific modes of production. This issue is crucial to the on-going debate about the meaning and relevance of the notion of
social complexity
in the context of Chalcolithic societies and their political organisation. Our study describes the productive forces of the Chalcolithic settlements as highly variable, both in the type of productive tasks performed and in their intensity, and such variability is not explained by aspects like geographic location, form of occupation, or monumentality. The observed wealth and productive diversity, without signs of marked social hierarchies, emerge as a characteristic feature of what can be defined as
cooperative affluent societies
.
О МАЛЫХ БУЛГАРСКИХ ГОРОДАХ Губайдуллин, Айрат Маратович
Arkheologii͡a︡ Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ,
07/2021
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
В статье рассматривается тема изучения «малых городов» Волжской Булгарии, которые являлись важным элементом в процессе феодализации и экономической жизни любого государства в Средние века. Здесь ...автор обращает внимание на историю исследования вопроса и методы его решения. Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению площадей булгарских городищ, что является немаловажным при выделении этой категории укрепленных поселений из общей массы таких булгарских памятников. Несомненно, что только один размер поселения внутри оборонительных линий не может быть единственным показателем социального статуса. Необходимо учитывать и площади примыкавших посадов, мощность их культурного слоя, а также характер и количество археологического материала.
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Small Bolgar Towns Gubaidullin Airat M.
Arkheologii͡a︡ Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ,
03/2021
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The paper addresses the study of “small towns” of Volga Bolgaria, which were an important element in the feudalization process and the economic life of any state in the Middle Ages. The author draws ...attention to the history of the study of the issue and methods of its resolution. Particular attention is drawn to the areas of Bolgar fortified settlements, which is important in distinguishing this category of fortified settlements from the overall number of such Bolgar monuments. There is no doubt that the settlement’s size within the defensive lines alone cannot be the only indicator of social status. One should take into account the area of the adjoining suburbs, the thickness of their cultural layer, as well as the nature and amount of archaeological material.
The article discusses artefacts made of osseous materials found in the Late Bronze Age fortified settlement sites in north-eastern Lithuania. Earlier, Bronze Age bone items from three Lithuanian ...sites – Narkūnai, Nevieriškė and Kereliai – have been analysed more thoroughly. Of sites discussed here, Sokiškiai has been archaeologically investigated in the beginning of the 1980-ies. In recent years, research has been carried out on the fortified settlements of Mineikiškės and Garniai I. 14C AMS dates have been used to date new sites as well as to specify the dates of previously studied settlements. During this research, approximately half a hundred bone, antler and tooth objects were examined, and the material used to make them was determined, if possible up to the species and skeletal part. Among the materials used, bone predominated, antler was used less, and teeth were used in only a few cases. An overview is given of the common types of bone objects, the processing techniques used to make them and the uses of the objects. The majority of tools are chisels and scrapers, and awls and points, many of which could have been used as leather working tools. The third major group of finds is bone pins, which testify to the clothing fashion that needed pins for attachment. Comparing the finds of Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Byelorussia, greater similarity can be observed in certain types of bone artefacts in south-eastern Latvia, north-western Byelorussia, and north-eastern Lithuania.
An essential component of the appearance of cities and castles during the Middle Ages were their defense systems, which included not only fortress walls and towers, but also other elements of ...fortification. To a large extent, they reflected the level of development of the state, containing both the military engineering index and the level of external threat, as well as concentrated scientific and technical achievements of various peoples. The fortification of medieval states demonstrated a fairly high level against the general background of the development of military defence, beginning since the era of the Ancient World. Despite the decline of fortification science in the Middle Ages, a series of traditions linked them for centuries. At the same time, along with general trends, the medieval fortification of various territories and states had a number of their own features, which were conditioned by local traditions of urban development and conditions of military practice.
In the early Middle Ages, new archaeological cultures arose in the territory of the Middle Volga region. They influenced the formation of the ancestors of future peoples who now inhabit this region. ...An important place in their study belongs to fortified settlements, which were characteristic of that time period. They are an indicator of the development of any people of antiquity, as they reflect, in particular, the level of engineering, building skills of the population who left them, and other aspects. The study of the systems and structures of the Finnish hillforts in the Middle Volga indicates that the development of methods for building fortifications among the settled population of the region mostly took place on a local basis. These were mostly promontory forts, which were defended from the side of the field by 1–3 lines of ramparts and moats. They were simple earth embankments with no reinforcing inner structures. Hillforts were mainly located along the banks of large rivers and their tributaries. It is possible that in addition to close access to water resources and fishing, this was dictated by the needs of cultural and economic relations with the neighbors. The fortified settlements presented in the paper, belonging to various cultures that existed in the early Middle Ages, allow to trace the formation of the future engineering and related skills in construction among the population of the Middle Volga region in historical perspective.
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