Visuals in news media help define, or frame issues, but less is known about how they influence opinions and behavior. The authors use an experiment to present image and text exemplars of frames from ...war and conflict news in isolation and in image–text congruent and incongruent pairs. Results show that, when presented alone, images generate stronger framing effects on opinions and behavioral intentions than text. When images and text are presented together, as in a typical news report, the frame carried by the text influences opinions regardless of the accompanying image, whereas the frame carried by the image drives behavioral intentions irrespective of the linked text. These effects are explained by the salience enhancing and emotional consequences of visuals.
In line with the urgency of problems related to climate change, studies on the framing of this issue have flourished in recent years. However, as in framing research overall, a lack of definitions ...complicates the synthesis of theoretical/empirical insights. This systematic review contrasts trends of framing in climate change communication to those observed in reviews of communication research overall and harnesses framing’s power to bridge perspectives by comparing frames across different frame locations (i.e., frame production, frame content, audience frames, and framing effects), as part of the wider cultural framing repository. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches of content analysis, this review draws on 25 years of peer-reviewed literature on the framing of climate change (n = 275). Among the findings, we observe that research has not made use of framing’s bridging potential. Hence, the conceptual (mis)fit between frame locations will be discussed, and directions for future research will be given.
Objective: This study investigates the interaction between message framing and point-of-reference (self vs. others) for vaccine benefits on young adults' COVID-19 vaccine confidence and intentions. ...It also examines how COVID-19-related health beliefs-such as perceived severity of COVID-19 and perceived benefits of obtaining the vaccine to protect others-mediate these interactions. Method: In a 2 (framing: gain vs. loss) × 3 (reference point: self, others, university community) between-subjects experiment (Fall 2021), 202 participants ages 18-23 were shown animated messages with embedded manipulations to convey vaccine information. Moderated mediation models tested the conditional indirect effects of framing on vaccine confidence and intentions. Results: Reference point significantly moderated the effect of framing on the perceived severity of COVID-19. More specifically, and somewhat contrary to previous literature, perceived severity was highest when messages emphasized gains for others. In turn, perceived severity correlated positively with vaccine confidence and intentions, resulting in a significant conditional indirect effect. Despite its positive relationship with COVID-19 vaccine confidence and intentions, perceived benefit to others was not a significant mediator. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the role of reference point in moderating the effect of gain-loss message framing on COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and intentions. However, the findings differ from past research, suggesting other-gain messages may be an optimal strategy for promoting these vaccine outcomes for young adults. Overall, findings have implications for developing tailored messaging strategies that account for the nature of targeted populations and the evolving perceptions of the disease and its associated messaging campaigns.
Objetivo: Este estudio investiga la interacción entre el encuadre del mensaje y el punto de referencia (uno mismo frente a otros) de los beneficios de la vacuna en la confianza y las intenciones de los adultos jóvenes sobre la vacuna COVID-19. También examina cómo las creencias sobre la salud relacionadas con COVID-19- como la gravedad percibida de la enfermedad y los beneficios percibidos de obtener la vacuna para proteger a otros- median en estas interacciones. Método: En un experimento de 2 (encuadre: ganancia versus pérdida) por 3 (punto de referencia: uno mismo, otros, comunidad universitaria) entre sujetos (otoño de 2021), a 202 participantes de entre 18 y 23 años se les mostraron mensajes animados con manipulaciones integradas para comunicar la información de la vacuna. Los modelos de mediación moderada probaron los efectos indirectos condicionales del encuadre sobre la confianza y las intenciones de las vacunas. Resultados: El punto de referencia moderó significativamente el efecto del encuadre sobre la gravedad percibida de COVID-19. Más específicamente, y algo contrario a la literatura anterior, la severidad percibida fue mayor cuando los mensajes enfatizaban los beneficios para los demás. A su vez, la gravedad percibida se correlacionó positivamente con la confianza y las intenciones de la vacuna, lo que resultó en un efecto indirecto condicional significativo. A pesar de su relación positiva con la confianza y las intenciones de la vacuna COVID-19, el beneficio percibido para los demás no fue un mediador significativo. Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona evidencia del papel del punto de referencia en la moderación del efecto del encuadre de mensajes de ganancia-pérdida en las actitudes e intenciones de la vacuna COVID-19. Sin embargo, los hallazgos difieren de investigaciones anteriores, lo que sugiere que los mensajes de beneficio para otros pueden ser una estrategia óptima para promover los resultados de estas vacunas entre los adultos jóvenes. En general, los hallazgos tienen implicaciones para el desarrollo de estrategias de mensajería personalizadas que tengan en cuenta la naturaleza de las poblaciones objetivo y las percepciones cambiantes de la enfermedad y sus campañas de mensajería asociadas.
Public Significance StatementThis study suggests that COVID-19 vaccine health messages that mention benefits to other people (versus gains or losses for oneself) improves COVID-19 vaccine confidence and intentions to get a COVID-19 vaccinate in college-age young adults. Tailoring COVID-19 vaccine messages for this age group is critically important because they can easily spread this coronavirus among each other and to others with increased vulnerabilities for severe health outcomes from contracting COVID-19.
Reports an error in "Procedural frames in negotiations: How offering my resources versus requesting yours impacts perception, behavior, and outcomes" by Roman Trötschel, David D. Loschelder, Benjamin ...P. Höhne and Johann M. Majer (
, 2015Mar, Vol 1083, 417-435). In the article "Procedural Frames in Negotiations: How Offering My Resources Versus Requesting Yours Impacts Perception, Behavior, and Outcomes" by Roman Trötschel, David D. Loschelder, Benjamin P. Höhne, and Johann M. Majer (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 417-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000009), rounding errors in
values occur in the Results under the
rate section of Experiment 4a and in the Outcome profits section of Experiment 5. The second sentence of the Discussion section of Experiment 4a should read as follows: Averaged across roles (i.e., buyers and sellers) parties made lower concessions and achieved higher individual outcomes when offering rather requesting resources. The last sentence of the
section of Experiment 5 should read as follows: This pattern was reversed when animals from zoo Y were addressed first, although this contrast effect did not reach significance. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2015-09924-002.) Although abundant negotiation research has examined outcome frames, little is known about the procedural framing of negotiation proposals (i.e., offering my vs. requesting your resources). In a series of 8 experiments, we tested the prediction that negotiators would show a stronger concession aversion and attain better individual outcomes when their own resource, rather than the counterpart's, is the accentuated reference resource in a transaction. First, senders of proposals revealed a stronger concession aversion when they offered their own rather than requested the counterpart's resources-both in buyer-seller (Experiment 1a) and in classic transaction negotiations (Experiment 2a). Expectedly, this effect reversed for recipients: When receiving requests rather than offers, recipients experienced a stronger concession aversion in buyer-seller (Experiment 1b) and transaction negotiations (Experiment 2b). Experiments 3-5 investigated procedural frames in the interactive process of negotiations-with elementary schoolchildren (Experiment 3), in a buyer-seller context (Experiments 4a and 4b), and in a computer-mediated transaction negotiation void of buyer and seller roles (Experiment 5). In summary, 8 experiments showed that negotiators are more concession averse and claim more individual value when negotiation proposals are framed to highlight their own rather than the counterpart's resources. (PsycINFO Database Record
We reevaluated and reanalyzed the data of Kühberger's (1998) meta-analysis on framing effects in risky decision making by using p-curve. This method uses the distribution of only significant p-values ...to correct the effect size, thus taking publication bias into account. We found a corrected overall effect size of d = 0.52, which is considerably higher than the effect reported by Kühberger (d = 0.31). Similarly to the original analysis, most moderators proved to be effective, indicating that there is not the risky-choice framing effect. Rather, the effect size varies with different manipulations of the framing task. Taken together, the p-curve analysis shows that there are reliable risky-choice framing effects, and that there is no evidence of intense p-hacking. Comparing the corrected estimate to the effect size reported in the Many Labs Replication Project (MLRP) on gain-loss framing (d = 0.60) shows that the two estimates are surprisingly similar in size. Finally, we conducted a new meta-analysis of risk framing experiments published in 2016 and again found a similar effect size (d = 0.56). Thus, although there is discussion on the adequate explanation for framing effects, there is no doubt about their existence: risky-choice framing effects are highly reliable and robust. No replicability crisis there.
Narrative visualizations combine conventions of communicative and exploratory information visualization to convey an intended story. We demonstrate visualization rhetoric as an analytical framework ...for understanding how design techniques that prioritize particular interpretations in visualizations that "tell a story" can significantly affect end-user interpretation. We draw a parallel between narrative visualization interpretation and evidence from framing studies in political messaging, decision-making, and literary studies. Devices for understanding the rhetorical nature of narrative information visualizations are presented, informed by the rigorous application of concepts from critical theory, semiotics, journalism, and political theory. We draw attention to how design tactics represent additions or omissions of information at various levels-the data, visual representation, textual annotations, and interactivity-and how visualizations denote and connote phenomena with reference to unstated viewing conventions and codes. Classes of rhetorical techniques identified via a systematic analysis of recent narrative visualizations are presented, and characterized according to their rhetorical contribution to the visualization. We describe how designers and researchers can benefit from the potentially positive aspects of visualization rhetoric in designing engaging, layered narrative visualizations and how our framework can shed light on how a visualization design prioritizes specific interpretations. We identify areas where future inquiry into visualization rhetoric can improve understanding of visualization interpretation.
When visualising data, chart designers have the freedom to choose the upper and lower limits of numerical axes. Axis limits can determine the physical characteristics of plotted values, such as the ...physical position of data points in dot plots. In two experiments (total N=300), we demonstrate that axis limits affect viewers' interpretations of the magnitudes of plotted values. Participants did not simply associate values presented at higher vertical positions with greater magnitudes. Instead, participants considered the relative positions of data points within the axis limits. Data points were considered to represent larger values when they were closer to the end of the axis associated with greater values, even when they were presented at the bottom of a chart. This provides further evidence of framing effects in the display of data, and offers insight into the cognitive mechanisms involved in assessing magnitude in data visualisations.
Recent discoveries in behavioral economics have led to important new insights concerning what can happen in markets. Such gains in knowledge have come primarily via laboratory experiments-a missing ...piece of the puzzle in many cases is parallel evidence drawn from naturally occurring field counterparts. We provide a small movement in this direction by taking advantage of a unique opportunity to work with a Chinese high-tech manufacturing facility. Our study revolves around using insights gained from one of the most influential lines of behavioral research-framing manipulations-in an attempt to increase worker productivity in the facility. Using a natural field experiment, we report several insights. For example, conditional incentives framed as both "losses" and "gains" increase productivity for both individuals and teams. In addition, teams more acutely respond to bonuses posed as losses than as comparable bonuses posed as gains. The magnitude of this framing effect is roughly 1%: that is, total team productivity is enhanced by 1% purely due to the framing manipulation. Importantly, we find that neither the framing nor the incentive effect lose their significance over time; rather, the effects are observed over the entire sample period. Moreover, we learn that repeated interaction with workers and conditionality of the bonus contract are substitutes for sustenance of incentive effects in the long run.
This paper was accepted by Gérard P. Cachon, decision analysis.
The goal of this study was to test the role of message framing for effective communication of self-care behaviors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting health and economic-focused ...messages. We presented 319 participants with an unforced choice task where they had to select the message that they believed was more effective to increase intentions toward self-care behaviors, motivate self-care behaviors in others, increase perceived risk and enhance perceived message strength. Results showed that gain-frame health messages increased intention to adopt self-care behaviors and were judged to be stronger. Loss-framed health messages increased risk perception. When judging effectiveness for others, participants believed other people would be more sensitive to messages with an economic focus. These results can be used by governments to guide communication for the prevention of COVID-19 contagion in the media and social networks, where time and space for communicating information are limited.
Rational Choice in Context Sher, Shlomi; McKenzie, Craig R. M.; Müller-Trede, Johannes ...
Current directions in psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society,
12/2022, Letnik:
31, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Human decisions are context dependent in ways that violate classical norms of rational choice. However, these norms implicitly depend on idealized descriptive assumptions that are often unrealistic. ...We focus on one such assumption: that information is constant across contexts. Choice contexts often supply subtle cues—which may be embedded in frames, procedures, or menus—to which human decision makers can be highly sensitive. We review recent evidence that some important context effects reflect dynamically coherent belief and preference updating, in response to ecologically valid cues. This evidence paints a more nuanced picture of human rationality in natural choice environments and opens up prospects for nonpaternalistic forms of choice architecture.
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