The processing of Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Mato Peiyu (CGMP) fruits generates a considerable amount of waste, mainly the flavedo, albedo, and segment membrane; the generated waste yields severe ...environmental and economic challenges. In this study, we tried to reclaim some functional chemicals from the waste. Our data indicated that the essential oil content in the flavedo was 0.76-1.34%, with the major component being monoterpenes (93.75% in August, declining to 85.56% in November, including mainly limonene (87.08% to 81.12%) and others such as β-myrcene). p-Synephrine (mg/100 g dry weight) declined accordingly (flavedo, 10.40 to 2.00; albedo, 1.80 to 0.25; segment membrane, 0.3 in August, 0.2 in September, and none since October). Polyphenols (in μg/g) included gallic acid (70.32-110.25, 99.27-252.89, and 105.78-187.36, respectively); protocatechuic acid (65.32-204.94, 26.35-72.35, and 214.98-302.65, respectively), p-coumaric acid (30.63-169.13, 4.32-17.00, and 6.68-34.32, respectively), ferulic acid (12.36-39.36, 1.21-10.25, and 17.07-39.63, respectively), and chlorogenic acid (59.19-199.36, 33.08-108.57, and 65.32-150.14, respectively). Flavonoids (in μg/g) included naringin (flavedo, 89.32-283.19), quercetin (181.05-248.51), nobiletin (259.75-563.7), hesperidin, and diosmin. The phytosterol content (mg/100 g) was 12.50-44.00 in the flavedo. The total dietary fiber in the segment membrane was 57 g/100 g. The antioxidant activity against the DPPHsup.* and ABTSsup.+* free radicals was moderately high. In conclusion, the waste of CGMP fruits is worth reclaiming for essential oil, p-synephrine, polyphenolics, and dietary fiber. Notably, p-synephrine content (flavedo: <8 mg/100 g dry weight, albedo: <2.0, or segment membrane: <0.4 mg) can serve as a marker of the internal maturation of CGMP fruits.
There is a growing interest in Corema album (L.) D. Don fruits due to the unique white colour, mildly acidic lemony flavour and health-promoting properties associated with its bioactive composition. ...This study performs a physical-chemical characterisation of cultivated C. album fruits from a multi-origin clonal field. The field comprises ten wild populations with distinct geographical origins, grown under the same edaphoclimatic conditions. We analysed fruits CIELab colour parameters, texture profile (TPA), pH, acidity (TA, g.100 mL.sup.-1), soluble solids content (SSC, %) and total phenolic content (TPC, mg CAE.100 g.sup.-1). Our results showed differences between fruits physical-chemical attributes. Variation patterns in fruits SSC and hardness suggest that the differences might be related to the original geographical location of the populations. The determined TPC levels in all samples were very encouraging at a bioactive level, ranging from 185.3 to 355.6 mg CAE.100 g.sup.-1. Fruits from Mira and Pego populations stood out from the ten geographical provenances. Mira fruit samples had higher sweetness and lower acidity, while the Pego ones had firmer fruits and higher phenolic content. The multi-origin clonal field allowed us to offer an interesting scientific comparative background, highlighting the large potential of these berries for introduction in the commercial market. Not only our results support the potential of white crowberry as a new crop; the detected differences also indicate a hidden capacity for small fruit market diversification.
To achieve the rapid recognition and accurate picking of Camellia oleifera fruits, a binocular vision system composed of two industrial cameras was used to collect images of Camellia oleifera fruits ...in natural environments. The YOLOv7 convolutional neural network model was used for iterative training, and the optimal weight model was selected to recognize the images and obtain the anchor frame region of the Camellia oleifera fruits. The local binary pattern (LBP) maps of the anchor frame region were extracted and matched by using the normalized correlation coefficient template matching algorithm to obtain the positions of the center point in the left and right images. The recognition experimental results showed that the accuracy rate, recall rate, mAP and Fsub.1 of the model were 97.3%, 97.6%, 97.7% and 97.4%. The recognition rate of the Camellia oleifera fruit with slight shading was 93.13%, and the recognition rate with severe shading was 75.21%. The recognition rate of the Camellia oleifera fruit was 90.64% under sunlight condition, and the recognition rate was 91.34% under shading condition. The orchard experiment results showed that, in the depth range of 400–600 mm, the maximum error value of the binocular stereo vision system in the depth direction was 4.279 mm, and the standard deviation was 1.142 mm. The detection and three-dimensional positioning accuracy of the binocular stereo vision system for Camellia oleifera fruits could basically meet the working requirements of the Camellia oleifera fruit-picking robot.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index. Keywords: irrigation, maturity index, olive fruit curculio, SAN, Zadar County Maslina Olea europaea L) je mediteranska vocna kultura koja zahtjeva navodnjavanje kako bi se postigao optimalni prinos i kvaliteta. Prakse navodnjavanja i stete od maslininog svrdlasa Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.)),stetnika koji napada plod, mogu biti bitan dmbenik pri odredivanju stupanja zrelosti, jednog od glavnih indikatora kakvoce ploda. Cilj rada je utvrditi kako razlidta praksa, pri odredivanju kolicine i ucestalosti obroka navodnjavanja, uz prisutnost svrdlasa, utjece na indeks zrelosti masline, sorte 'Coratina (1) . Istrazivanje je provedeno na 24 stabla masline na dvije lokacije u Zadarskoj zupaniji: Zman (Dugi otok) i Novigrad. Navodnjavanje je provedeno sustavom kap na kap sa cetiri varijante u tri ponavljanja: K(0%) samo kisenje, Tl(PP) proizvodac odredivao obroke prema iskustvu, T2(SAN) obroci odredivani obzirom na evapotranspiraciju i fenofazu razvoja, s do 80% poljskog kapaciteta tia i T3(100%) dodavanje vode do 100% od izracunate evapotranspiracije. Analizom tia odreden je poljski kapacitet, a evapotranspiracija je odtavana s meteopostaje PinovaTM. Berbe su obavljene u listopadu 2020. i 2021. Za odredivanje stete od svrdlasa te indeksa zrelosti ubrano je 100 plodova po uzorku. Obradom podataka jednosmjernom analizom varijance (ANOVA) i povratnim testom (Tukey), utvrden je statisticki znacajan utjecaj praksi navodnjavanja na indeks zrelosti ploda masline po tretmanima, godinama i lokacijama, jednostruko i u meduovisnosti. Nije ustanovljen utjecaj izmedu prisutnosti svrdlasa i indeksa zrelosti. Kljucne rijeci: indeks zrelosti, maslinin svrdlas, navodnjavanje, SAN, Zadarska zupanija Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit culture. Although cultivated on shallow and skeletal soil with low soil capacity for water, irrigation is required in order to achieve a satisfactory yield and quality of the olive fruit. The olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.) is a periodic pest of the olive. With the appearance of adults, it damages the fruit by biting it, which affects the quality. An important factor in harvesting and achieving top quality is the degree maturity index of fruit. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the quantity and frequency of irrigation, on skeletal and heterogeneous soil, with the presence of olive fruit curculio, influences the fruit maturity index of 'Coratina' variety. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees during 2020 and 2021 at two locations in Zadar County, Croatia: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was done using a drip system with four variants in three repetitions. The treatments in the experiment represented different irrigation practices: K (0%) - olive trees without irrigation in vegetation, only rain fed, TI (PP) - production practice, irrigation set according to grower experience, T2 (SAN) - irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of the field water capacity and T3 (100%) - addition of water up to 100% of the calculated evapotranspiration. The soil analysis determined the field capacity for water, and the precipitation and evapotranspiration were determined using the Pinova TM agricultural meteorological stations. Harvests were done on 12 (th) of October 2020 and 10 (th) of October 2021 at Zman and 23 (th) of October 2020 and 17 (th) of October 2021 at locality Novigrad. One hundred fruits per sample were harvested to determine the damage by olive fruit curculio and maturity index according to the standardized procedure. The statistical processing of data by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a reverse test (Tukey) determines the influence of irrigation and the presence of olive fruit curculio on the stage of the fruit maturity index. The K treatment had the lowest value of the maturity index at both locations. Taking into consideration treatments and years, in both years the index of maturity showed the lowest value for the treatment of K (from 0,38 to 0,68) and the highest value for the treatment of T3, from 0,51 to 1,19. By treatments and locations, the maturity index was higher at location Novigrad. The effect of the researched irrigation practices on the index of olives fruit maturity by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependence, was determined. Furthermore, results showed that the presence of olive fruit curculio was highest in the rain fed treatment and the treatment where 100% water of the calculated evapotranspiration was added, while the lowest presence was in the treatment where irrigation was determined according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology. Damage from olive fruit curculio to both locations was higher in 2021. There was no statistically determined difference of damages caused by the olive fruit curculio, by treatments and locations. The influence between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index had a low correlation coefficient (r= - 0,24) and setting a statistical regression model for this relation was not justified.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index.
Growth and ripening of fleshy fruits are intricately regulated and yield an important part of the human diet. Here we review current knowledge of the regulation at the transcriptional level.
Key message
This review contains the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones in the ripening process of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, interactions between plant hormones and future research ...directions.
The fruit ripening process involves physiological and biochemical changes such as pigment accumulation, softening, aroma and flavor formation. There is a great difference in the ripening process between climacteric fruits and non-climacteric fruits. The ripening of these two types of fruits is affected by endogenous signals and exogenous environments. Endogenous signaling plant hormones play an important regulatory role in fruit ripening. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in the regulation of plant hormones in fruit ripening, including ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellin, brassinosteroid (BR), salicylic acid (SA) and melatonin. The role of plant hormones in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is discussed, with emphasis on the interaction between ethylene and other adjustment factors. Specifically, the research progress and future research directions of JA, SA and BR in fruit ripening are discussed, and the regulatory network between JA and other signaling molecules remains to be further revealed. This study is meant to expand the understanding of the importance of plant hormones, clarify the hormonal regulation network and provide a basis for targeted manipulation of fruit ripening.
There has been an upsurge of interest in the molecular biology of fleshy fruits coincident with the onset of ripening. We discuss recent trends and paradigms in fruit ripening.
Summary
The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes grey mould, a commercially damaging disease of strawberry. This pathogen affects fruit in the field, storage, transport and market. The presence of ...grey mould is the most common reason for fruit rejection by growers, shippers and consumers, leading to significant economic losses. Here, we review the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, mechanisms of infection and the genetics of host plant resistance. The development of grey mould is affected by environmental and genetic factors; however, little is known about how B. cinerea and strawberry interact at the molecular level. Despite intensive efforts, breeding strawberry for resistance to grey mould has not been successful, and the mechanisms underlying tolerance to B. cinerea are poorly understood and under‐investigated. Current control strategies against grey mould include pre‐ and postharvest fungicides, yet they are generally ineffective and expensive. In this review, we examine available research on horticultural management, chemical and biological control of the pathogen in the field and postharvest storage, and discuss their relevance for integrative disease management. Additionally, we identify and propose approaches for increasing resistance to B. cinerea in strawberry by tapping into natural genetic variation and manipulating host factors via genetic engineering and genome editing.
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