Introduction: Pathologic accumulation and over-activation of mast cells and eosinophils have been implicated in multiple chronic inflammatory diseases in the GI tract including eosinophilic ...esophagitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, and colitis. Collectively termed eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), these medical conditions lead to reduced quality of life due to debilitating symptoms such as dysphagia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Current treatment options for EGIDs have limited efficacy, significant side effects, and are often inappropriate for chronic use. Siglec-8 is an inhibitory receptor selectively expressed on human eosinophils (eos) and mast cells (MCs). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can deplete blood and tissue eosinophils and inhibit mast cell activity. This study examines the activity of an anti-Siglec-8 mAb in a mouse eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) model.
Introducción. La Listeria Monocytogenes, responsable de cuadros infecciosos en pacientes con fragilidad del sistema inmunológico, con un espectro clínico que va de gastroenteritis, septicemia hasta ...comprometer el sistema nervioso central (meningoencefalitis, abscesos) y romboencefalitis. Generalmente con alta susceptibilidad a la ampicilina o penicilina combinados con Gentamicina, con la opción de Trimetoprim/ Sulfametoxazol en pacientes alérgicos. Descripción del caso. Paciente femenina de 62 años con antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, alergia grave hacia la penicilina y de miastenia gravis para la cual requirió de inmunoglobulina endovenosa. Reingresa cursando alteración del estado de consciencia, fiebre (39gradosC) y deposiciones diarreicas. Con laboratorios a su ingreso evidenciado marcada leucocitosis que en su contexto obligó a descartar neuroinfección. Se realizó una punción lumbar en la que se documentó hipoglucorraquia, sin hiperproteinorraquia y pleocitosis linfocitaria. En simultáneo se inició cubrimiento con cefepime, ampicilina, vancomicina y aciclovir. Se realizó panel FilmArray con aislamiento de Listeria Monocytogenes y hemocultivos con el mismo aislamiento. Se ajustó la terapia a meropenem, trimetopin/sulfametoxazol y aciclovir por el riesgo de crisis miasténica inducida por antibióticos. Por último, se documentaron abscesos a nivel de giro temporal superior izquierdo, y otros dos pequeños focos en el giro frontal superior y medio derecho. Se adicionó vancomicina y se ajustó el esquema a Meropenem+trimetropin/sulfametoxazol por 8 semanas y vancomicina+aciclovir por 14 días. De forma ambulatoria se confirmó que la paciente no cursó secuelas neurológicas y tuvo resolución de los abscesos. Discusión. La infección por Listeria Monocytogenes es una causa de meningitis de alta morbimotalidad en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Es esta paciente se requirió de ajuestes a la terapia antibiótica por 1) antecedente de hipersensibilidad a la penicilina y 2) riesgo de crisis miasténica con la terapia estándar.
Background: Escherichia albertii is an enteric bacteria associated with infectious gastroenteritis. However, information on this organism remains scant in Nigeria. The work was aimed at determining ...the prevalence of E. albertii among gastroenteritis patients (GEP) in relation to some risk and demographic factors. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional hospital-based research. A total of 540 stool samples, 450 from GEPs and 90 from apparently healthy individuals, were screened for the pathogen. The isolates were characterized by using both conventional and molecular techniques. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed for the determination of some risk and demographic factors. Odds ratio and chi-square were used to ascertain the relationship between the factors and the disease. Results: Escherichia albertii was detected with an overall prevalence of 1.1%, which was 1.3% and 0% in the GEPs and apparently healthy individuals, respectively (Odd ratio = 2.6468, 95% CI, 0.1478-47.4042). Diarrhea and abdominal pain were statistically the significant manifestations of the disease. There was an equal prevalence in both males and females (1.3%), however, by chance higher (2.1%) among children aged 0 to 10 years. Additionally, primary school as the highest educational status and open defecation were found to be the risk factors of the infection. Conclusions: Escherichia albertii should be routinely targeted diagnostically in the patients presented with gastroenteritis in the studied area. Neither gender nor age was a risk factor, however open defecation was a significant risk factor of the disease.
Swine enteric diseases have caused significant economic loss and have been considered as the major threat to the global swine industry. Several coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis ...virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), have been identified as the causative agents of these diseases. Effective measures to control these diseases are lacking. The major host cells of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus have thought to be epithelial cells on small intestine villi. Aminopeptidase-N (APN) has been described as the putative receptor for entry of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into cells in vitro. Recently, Whitworth et al. have reported that APN knockout pigs are resistant to TGEV but not PEDV after weaning. However, it remains unclear if APN-null neonatal pigs are protected from TGEV. Here we report the generation of APN-null pigs by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. APN-null pigs are produced with normal pregnancy rate and viability, indicating lack of APN is not embryonic lethal. After viral challenge, APN-null neonatal piglets are resistant to highly virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Histopathological analyses indicate APN-null pigs exhibit normal small intestine villi, while wildtype pigs show typical lesions in small intestines. Immunochemistry analyses confirm that no transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigen is detected in target tissues in APN-null piglets. However, upon porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge, APN-null pigs are still susceptible with 100% mortality. Collectively, this report provides a viable tool for producing animals with enhanced resistance to TGEV and clarifies that APN is dispensable for the PEDV infection in pigs.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are economically important swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses. These two viruses belong to two distinct species ...of the Alphacoronavirus genus within Coronaviridae and induce similar clinical signs and pathological lesions in newborn piglets, but they are presumed to be antigenically distinct. In the present study, two-way antigenic cross-reactivity examinations between the prototype PEDV CV777 strain, three distinct U.S. PEDV strains (the original highly virulent PC22A, S indel Iowa106, and S 197del PC177), and two representative U.S. TGEV strains (Miller and Purdue) were conducted by cell culture immunofluorescent (CCIF) and viral neutralization (VN) assays. None of the pig TGEV antisera neutralized PEDV and vice versa. One-way cross-reactions were observed by CCIF between TGEV Miller hyperimmune pig antisera and all PEDV strains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies and Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant PEDV and TGEV nucleocapsid (N) proteins, and sequence analysis suggested at least one epitope on the N-terminal region of PEDV/TGEV N protein that contributed to this cross-reactivity. Biologically, PEDV strain CV777 induced greater cell fusion in Vero cells than did U.S. PEDV strains. Consistent with the reported genetic differences, the results of CCIF and VN assays also revealed higher antigenic variation between PEDV CV777 and U.S. strains.
Evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity between porcine enteric coronaviruses, PEDV and TGEV, in CCIF assays supports the idea that these two species are evolutionarily related, but they are distinct species defined by VN assays. Identification of PEDV- or TGEV-specific antigenic regions allows the development of more specific immunoassays for each virus. Antigenic and biologic variations between the prototype and current PEDV strains could explain, at least partially, the recurrence of PEDV epidemics. Information on the conserved antigenicity among PEDV strains is important for the development of PEDV vaccines to protect swine from current highly virulent PEDV infections.
Norovirus Robilotti, Elizabeth; Deresinski, Stan; Pinsky, Benjamin A
Clinical microbiology reviews
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the ...transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
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