A grand gender convergence Goldin, Claudia
The American economic review,
04/2014, Letnik:
104, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a ...history of gender roles. But what must the "last" chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn't hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market; especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science, and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds.
Gender categorization and stereotyping can lead to discrimination. Researchers have mostly studied cisgender, gender-conforming individuals as the targets when examining these processes. In two ...factorial survey experiments, we investigated gender categorization and stereotyping of gender-ambiguous targets based on facial features and behavioral information. We manipulated femininity/masculinity/ambiguity of face, expression, and occupation. Participants completed a gender categorization task, and stereotype and attitude measures. The findings indicated that face was most influential for categorization: When face was unambiguously masculine or feminine, participants mostly categorized targets as male or female, respectively. In these cases, expression and occupation had little influence on categorization. When face was ambiguous, this additional information significantly influenced categorization. Nonbinary categorization was more likely for ambiguous faces, and most likely for ambiguous faces combined with ambiguous expression and ambiguous or feminine occupation. Our findings suggest that categorizing gender-ambiguous targets is more complex compared to clearly gendered targets. Primarily relying on face when it appears clearly gendered likely causes categorization errors when encountering TGNC individuals.
Trans*Sichtbarkeit hat in den letzten Jahren einen Höhepunkt erreicht, so auch in TV- und Streaming-Serien. Sie geht mit Prozessen sozialer Popularisierung und akademischer Legitimierung einher. ...Inwiefern bildet die fiktionale Darstellung von trans*Personen ihre vielfältige Wirklichkeit ab, die von selbstbestimmten Lebensentwürfen ebenso wie von Diskriminierung und Gewalt geprägt ist? Wenn es stimmt, dass Serien Gesellschaft- und Identifikationsmodelle hervorbringen, welche Chancen und Gefahren sind dann mit ihrer Verbreitung verbunden? Die Autor_innen gehen diesen Frage anhand von ausgewählten europäischen Serien nach. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Entre 1975 e 1981, a cearense Heloneida Studart – então radicada no Rio de Janeiro, onde era jornalista e escritora – publicou três romances aos quais ela classificou como uma trilogia da tortura: O ...pardal é um pássaro azul (1975); O estandarte da agonia (1981); O torturador em romaria (1986). Essa tríade de narrativas contém discussões de teor político, social, e de gênero, além de fazer o arremate entre essas três esferas, mostrando as correlações entre elas, em alguns momentos. As protagonistas femininas se destacam na trilogia, pois o desenrolar narrativo se deve, em muito, às suas ações e à sua condução dos fatos. Marina, Açucena e Dorinha são aqui analisadas no intuito de fazer ver seu peso enquanto veículos de discussão política e de gênero, e de explicitação da relação que existe entre o gênero e a participação política, entre o gênero e as possibilidades emancipadoras em determinados contextos sociais. Para formalizar essa análise, são importantes as conexões com o material teórico de Miguel e Biroli (2014), Cisne (2018), Saffioti (2013; 2015) e Beauvoir (1980). Ler literatura sob a ótica de seu tempo histórico e sob a perspectiva de autores que estudam gênero e feminismo é aqui o caminho para explicitar a importância das mulheres, personagens ficcionais ou reais, na condução histórica de um país, no que diz respeito a política, ao gênero, ao todo social.
Objectives: To investigate the differences between the characteristics of disease presentation and treatment outcomes on the basis of gender in patients with operated prolactinoma.
Methods: ...Prolactinoma patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Neurosurgery clinics between 2013-2023 were included in this study. Surgical indications, secondary treatments, clinical, demographic, biochemical, radiological findings, and pathological data were analyzed. Data were compared between the gender groups.
Results: Thirty-two men and 28 women were included in the study. The mean age of the men was 44 years and that of the women was 29 years. While men were more likely to have decreased libido, women were more likely to have menstrual irregularities (p < 0.001). The tumor was larger in men (p = 0.001), presenting with a more frequent suprasellar invasion (p = 0.001) and cavernous sinus invasion (p < 0.001). Pituitary hormone deficiency (p < 0.001) and visual field defects (p < 0.001) occurred more frequently in men.
Conclusions: Male prolactinoma patients tend to have more invasive and larger tumors. Men are less likely than women to go into remission with surgery. This difference in presentation may be due to indistinct symptoms in male patients and late diagnosis.
In this collection of lively essays, Cynthia Enloe makes better sense of globalization and international politics by taking a deep and personal look into the daily realities in a range of women's ...lives. She proposes a distinctively feminist curiosity that begins with taking women seriously, especially during this era of unprecedented American influence. This means listening carefully, digging deep, challenging assumptions, and welcoming surprises. Listening to women in Asian sneaker factories, Enloe reveals, enables us to bring down to earth the often abstract discussions of the global economy. Paying close attention to Iraqi women's organizing efforts under military occupation exposes the false global promises made by officials. Enloe also turns the beam of her inquiry inward. In a series of four candid interviews and a new set of autobiographical pieces, she reflects on the gradual development of her own feminist curiosity. Describing her wartime suburban girlhood and her years at Berkeley, she maps the everyday obstacles placed on the path to feminist consciousness-and suggests how those obstacles can be identified and overcome.The Curious Feministshows how taking women seriously also challenges the common assumption that masculinities are trivial factors in today's international affairs. Enloe explores the workings of masculinity inside organizations as diverse as the American military, a Serbian militia, the UN, and Oxfam. A feminist curiosity finds all women worth thinking about, Enloe claims. She suggests that we pay thoughtful attention to women who appear complicit in violence or in the oppression of others, or too cozily wrapped up in their relative privilege to inspire praise or compassion. Enloe's vitality, passion, and incisive wit illuminate each essay.The Curious Feministis an original and timely invitation to look at global politics in an entirely different way.
The gender wage gap Blau, Francine D; Kahn, Lawrence M
Journal of economic literature,
09/2017, Letnik:
55, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) microdata over the 1980–2010 period, we provide new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably ...during this time. By 2010, conventional human capital variables taken together explained little of the gender wage gap, while gender differences in occupation and industry continued to be important. Moreover, the gender pay gap declined much more slowly at the top of the wage distribution than at the middle or bottom and by 2010 was noticeably higher at the top. We then survey the literature to identify what has been learned about the explanations for the gap. We conclude that many of the traditional explanations continue to have salience. Although human-capital factors are now relatively unimportant in the aggregate, women's work force interruptions and shorter hours remain significant in high-skilled occupations, possibly due to compensating differentials. Gender differences in occupations and industries, as well as differences in gender roles and the gender division of labor remain important, and research based on experimental evidence strongly suggests that discrimination cannot be discounted. Psychological attributes or noncognitive skills comprise one of the newer explanations for gender differences in outcomes. Our effort to assess the quantitative evidence on the importance of these factors suggests that they account for a small to moderate portion of the gender pay gap, considerably smaller than, say, occupation and industry effects, though they appear to modestly contribute to these differences.
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