Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an illness strongly influenced by sex and gender, with mortality rates in males significantly higher than females. There is still a dearth of understanding on where sex ...differences exist along the pathway from presentation to survival. The aim of this review is to identify where actions are needed to improve outcomes for both sexes, and to narrow the gap for CRC.
A cross-sectional review of national data was undertaken to identify sex differences in incidence, screening uptake, route to diagnosis, cancer stage at diagnosis and survival, and their influence in the sex differences in mortality.
Overall incidence is higher in men, with an earlier age distribution, however, important sex differences exist in anatomical site. There were relatively small differences in screening uptake, route to diagnosis, cancer staging at diagnosis and survival. Screening uptake is higher in women under 69 years. Women are more likely to present as emergency cases, with more men diagnosed through screening and two-week-wait. No sex differences are seen in diagnosis for more advanced disease. Overall, age-standardised 5-year survival is similar between the sexes.
As there are minimal sex differences in the data from routes to diagnosis to survival, the higher mortality of colorectal cancer in men appears to be a result of exogenous and/or endogenous factors pre-diagnosis that lead to higher incidence rates. There are however, sex and gender differences that suggest more targeted interventions may facilitate prevention and earlier diagnosis in both men and women.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Around the world, programming education is actively promoted by such factors as economic and technical requirements. The use of a robot in programming education could help students understand ...computer-science concepts more easily. In this study we designed a course in programming a robot for elementary school students and investigated its effectiveness by implementing it in actual classes. We further examined the effects of students’ prior skills and of gender on the outcomes. In addition, we reviewed the applicable teaching and learning strategies in the field of robotics programming. Our course in programming a robot was implemented for 155 Korean elementary school students in the fifth and sixth grades. The course was conducted for 11 weeks. Our results show that teaching programming by using a robot significantly improved computational thinking and creativity. Computational thinking, however, was not significantly improved in the group that initially showed high scores. Further, creativity was improved more in girls than in boys, and the mean difference was statistically significant, but the difference in computational thinking was not. The implication of this study is that the best approach is to design a course in programming a robot and apply it in actual classrooms in order to discuss teaching and learning strategies according to students’ prior skills and their gender.
There is extensive, yet fragmented, evidence of gender differences in academia suggesting that women are underrepresented in most scientific disciplines and publish fewer articles throughout a ...career, and their work acquires fewer citations. Here, we offer a comprehensive picture of longitudinal gender differences in performance through a bibliometric analysis of academic publishing careers by reconstructing the complete publication history of over 1.5 million gender-identified authors whose publishing career ended between 1955 and 2010, covering 83 countries and 13 disciplines. We find that, paradoxically, the increase of participation of women in science over the past 60 years was accompanied by an increase of gender differences in both productivity and impact. Most surprisingly, though, we uncover two gender invariants, finding that men and women publish at a comparable annual rate and have equivalent career-wise impact for the same size body of work. Finally, we demonstrate that differences in publishing career lengths and dropout rates explain a large portion of the reported career-wise differences in productivity and impact, although productivity differences still remain. This comprehensive picture of gender inequality in academia can help rephrase the conversation around the sustainability of women’s careers in academia, with important consequences for institutions and policy makers.
Aim
To compare HbA1c levels across the lifespan in people with type 1 diabetes in the USA with those in Germany/Austria, and to examine potential differences in HbA1c levels between sexes, insulin ...delivery methods and minority status.
Methods
Data were extracted from the US T1D Exchange Registry (n=18 381 participants from 73 sites) and from the German/Austrian Prospective Diabetes Follow‐up Registry, the DPV (n=32 643 participants from 362 sites). Mean HbA1c was calculated for each year of age for individuals aged ≤25 years, and at 2‐year age intervals for individuals aged >25 years. Curves for mean HbA1c by age were estimated using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing. HbA1c differences between registries, sexes, insulin delivery methods, and minority status were assessed by age group using multiple linear regression.
Results
In both registries, mean HbA1c increased by ~11 mmol/mol (1.0%) between the ages of 9 and 18 years, although at quite different absolute levels: from 66 mmol/mol (8.2%) to 77 mmol/mol (9.2%) in the T1D Exchange Registry, and from 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) to 66 mmol/mol (8.2%) in the DPV. Sex differences were observed in the DPV only. In the T1D Exchange Registry, injection users had higher mean HbA1c than pump users across the lifespan, whereas in the DPV higher HbA1c levels in injection users were observed in the age groups 6 to <12 years, 12 to <18 years, and 30 to <50 years (P < 0.001). Minority status was significantly associated with higher HbA1c in most age groups in both registries.
Conclusions
Significant differences in HbA1c were noted between the USA and Germany/Austria, with disparities more pronounced in early childhood through to young adulthood. Further studies should identify causes for these disparities.
What's new?
Data from the TID Exchange Registry (T1DX) have shown that only few individuals with type 1 diabetes meet HbA1c targets, and that glycaemic control has worsened in adolescents over recent years.
Although a similar increase in HbA1c on reaching adolescence was observed, young people in the German/Austrian DPV registry had HbA1c levels that were ˜11 mmol/mol (1.0%) lower compared with young people included in the T1DX.
Comparison of the two contemporary diabetes cohorts showed large discrepancies in glycaemic control between developed Western countries, and highlights the need for increased efforts to improve care and particularly to lower HbA1c in young people with type 1 diabetes, especially those included in the T1DX.
In that prior work, emotionally congruent photo-word pairs led to shorter reaction times than emotionally incongruent pairs. Since the potentially influencing word appears after the button is ...pressed, this effect is described as retroactive psi effect. Two new analysis methods were applied: (1) since a response time could be driven by a regular anterograde priming effect of the word from the previous trial onto the photo of the subsequent trial, we assessed the influence of this standard anterograde priming effect; (2) in study 2 we controlled for potential false positive effects by utilizing a specially designed sham control task. For the sham control task in study 2, the same software environment was used with the sole difference of having a row of seven O's appearing after the photo. Since no real picture-word pairs are established, any positive picture-word effect would have to be labeled as false positive (Walleczek & von Stillfried, 2019).
Demographic characteristics (age, sex, concussion history, mechanism of injury), symptom burden (using the Post-concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS)), exercise tolerance (using a treadmill graded exercise ...test, min), and recovery time (days) were compared between male and female participants. Robust research with higher sample size to provide greater understanding of sex-specific risk factors, interventions and guidelines for females post-injury is warranted. Interventions aimed at improving post-concussion symptom management will enhance recovery outcomes and reduce health care costs in paediatric concussion.
Abstract only Introduction The different factors that contribute to gender differences among patients with vascular dementia (VaD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and mixed vascular dementia and ...Alzheimer’s disease (VDAD) are not fully understood. This study examined gender differences among patients with VaD, AD, and VDAD using demographic and pharmacologic factors. Methods Data was collected from Prisma Health‐Upstate Alzheimer registry from 2016 to 2021 for 6,039 VaD patients, 9,290 AD patients, and 412 VDAD patients. A logistic regression model was used to determine demographic and pharmacological factors that are associated with gender differences in patients with VaD, AD, and VDAD. Results In the adjusted analysis for patients with VaD, increasing age (OR = 1.023, 95% CI, 1.017‐1.029, p< 0.001) and use of aripiprazole (OR = 4.395, 95% CI, 2.880‐6.707, p< 0.001) were more associated with women, whereas use of tobacco (OR = 0.312, 95% CI, 0.278‐0.349, p< 0.001) and galantamine (OR = 0.228, 95% CI, 0.116‐0.449, p< 0.001) were more associated with men. In patients with AD, Black race (OR = 1.747, 95% CI, 1.486‐2.053, p< 0.001) and use of buspirone (OR = 1.541, 95% CI, 1.265‐1.878, p< 0.001) were more associated with women, whereas use of ETOH (OR = 0.627, 95% CI, 0.547‐0.718, p< 0.001) and memantine (OR = 0.882, 95% CI, 0.799‐0.974, p = 0.013) were more associated with men. In patients with VDAD, use of rivastigmine (OR = 3.293, 95% CI, 1.131‐9.585, p = 0.029) was more associated with women, whereas increased length of hospital stay (OR = 0.910, 95% CI, 0.828‐1.000, p = 0.049) was more associated with men. Conclusions Our study revealed that there are gender differences and similarities in the demographic and pharmacological factors of VaD, AD, and VDAD. Future studies can be conducted investigating each of these factors to improve treatment of VaD, AD, and VDADin all patients.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in males than females. Previous research indicates females camouflage ASD symptoms more than males, potentially contributing to the difference in ...prevalence. This study investigated sex/gender differences in behavioral phenotypes in 17 males and 11 females with ASD, as well camouflaging in ASD, in an attempt to partially replicate findings from Lai et al. (Autism 21(6):690–702,
2017
). Overall ASD symptoms were measured by the autism spectrum quotient (AQ). Mean AQ in females with ASD was higher than males with ASD, with the difference approaching statistical significance. Camouflaging was found to be more common in females with ASD, and not associated to social phobia. Furthermore, camouflaging correlated negatively with emotional expressivity in females, but not males, with ASD. These findings strengthen previous findings regarding camouflaging being more common in females and add to the literature on how camouflaging may be different in females versus males.
Durante las últimas décadas, particularmente a partir de los años sesenta del siglo pasado, la influencia de las perspectivas de género ha sido incremental, tanto en el desarrollo de nuevos ...paradigmas en la creación de políticas públicas como en los debates teórico-conceptuales dentro de las ciencias sociales. Las teorías esencialistas insistían en las diferencias primigenias y la mujer era vista desde la lógica acumulativa de binomios que deslindan, separan, marginan y excluyen: hombre-mujer, cultura-naturaleza, razón-pasión, público-privado. A través de revisiones de dicha categorización fue posible reflexionar sobre cómo se había “normalizado” y “naturalizado” a lo largo de la historia la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Del cuestionamiento de la supuesta naturalidad originaria, el conocimiento transitó a nuevos horizontes conceptuales y temáticos, y procedió a analizar el modo como las organizaciones y las prácticas institucionalizan la diferencia en las sociedades hasta inscribirla como desigualdad.
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