Abstract
Several species of Cophomantini are known to have an enlarged prepollex, commonly modified as an osseous spine. We surveyed the osteology and myology of the prepollex and associated elements ...of 94 of the 190 species of Cophomantini, sampling all genera, except Nesorohyla. Two distinct prepollex morphologies were found: a blade-shaped and a spine-shaped morphology. We described the observed variation in 17 discrete characters to study their evolution in the most inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for Cophomantini. Both morphologies evolved multiple times during the evolutionary history of this clade, but the origin of the spine-shaped distal prepollex in Boana and Bokermannohyla is ambiguous. The articulation of metacarpal II with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the metacarpal proximal epiphysis is a synapomorphy for Boana. The shape of the curve of the spine, and a large post-articular process of the distal prepollex, are synapomorphies for the Boana pulchella group, the latter being homoplastic in the Bokermannohyla martinsi group. Muscle character states associated with the spine-shaped prepollex are plesiomorphic for Cophomantini. We discuss evolution, function, behaviour and sexual dimorphism related to the prepollical elements. A bony spine is associated with fights between males, but forearm hypertrophy could be more related with habitat than with territorial combat.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is usually performed using 1 of 3 surgical approaches: direct lateral (DLA), posterior (PA), or anterior (AA). AA is different from DLA and PA owing to limited ...intraoperative visibility of the femoral canal. This could affect stem positioning and therefore migration. We aimed to perform an exploratory radiostereometric analysis (RSA) study with 3 groups for surgical approach assessing stem migration up to 5 years postoperatively.
61 patients with unilateral osteoarthritis of the hip were included. 21 patients were allocated to the DLA, 20 to the PA, and 20 to the AA group. All patients received an uncemented, collarless, double-tapered, fully hydroxyapatite-coated Profemur Gladiator stem. Migration was measured with model-based RSA. Baseline RSA was on day 1 postoperatively. The follow-ups were at day 8, at 5 weeks, and at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after surgery. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze maximum total point motion (MTPM) migrations.
Group mean differences in MTPM were 0.4 mm (95% confidence interval CI -1.5 to 2.4) for DLA vs. PA, 1.1 mm (CI -1.0 to 3.3) for AA vs. DLA, and 1.6 mm (CI -0.8 to 3.9) for AA vs. PA, when adjusted for sex and age as covariates. 2 stems in the AA group had excessive early migration. For all stems the migrations occurred mainly within 5-week follow-up and then stabilized.
At 5-year follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in stem migration associated with the 3 surgical approaches used in this study.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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•We recover two new species within the Boana albopunctata group.•Three species underwent rapid population expansion within the Brazilian Cerrado.•The timing of diversification aligns ...with Tectonic uplift and erosion in the Miocene.•Recent divergences are concordant with climate oscillations in the Pleistocene.
Despite extensive research on biodiversity in Neotropical forests, biodiversity in seasonally dry, open biomes in South America has been underestimated until recently. We leverage a widespread group, Boana albopunctata, to uncover cryptic lineages and investigate the timing of diversification in Neotropical anurans with a focus on dry diagonal biomes (Cerrado, Caatinga and Chaco) and the ecotone between Amazonia and the Cerrado. We inferred a multilocus phylogeny of the B. albopunctata species group that includes 15 of 18 described species, recovered two cryptic species, and reconstructed the timing of diversification among species distributed across multiple South American biomes. One new potential species (B. aff. steinbachi), sampled in the Amazonian state of Acre, clustered within the B. calcara-fasciata species complex and is close to B. steinbachi. A second putative new species (B. aff. multifasciata), sampled in the Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone, is closely related to B. multifasciata. Lastly, we place a recently identified Cerrado lineage (B. aff. albopuncata) into the B. albopunctata species group phylogeny for the first time. Our ancestral range reconstruction showed that species in the B. albopuctata group likely dispersed from Amazonia-Cerrado into the dry-diagonal and Atlantic Forest. Intraspecies demography showed, for both B. raniceps and B. albopunctata, signs of rapid expansion across the dry diagonal. Similarly, for one clade of B. multifasciata, our analyses support an invasion of the Cerrado from Amazonia, followed by a rapid expansion across the open diagonal biomes. Thus, our study recovers several recent divergences along the Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone in northern Brazil. Tectonic uplift and erosion in the late Miocene and climate oscillations in the Pleistocene corresponded with estimated divergence times in the dry diagonal and Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone. Our study highlights the importance of these threatened open formations in the generation of biodiversity in the Neotropics.
In ancient education, controversia was a form of declamation which engaged students in discussion of a fictional judicial case. As the apex of rhetorical training, it provided a high level of ...proficiency in composition and delivery techniques, and every young man of the Roman upper-class had to deal with this exercise and its deliberative counterpart (suasoria). This article explores the role of controversia within the didactic programme devised by Cornelius Fronto for Marcus Aurelius’ education. After an account of ‘indirect’ approaches to declamation, I will analyse the themes of controversia assigned by Fronto, outlining their historical and rhetorical background.
Artykuł stanowi zrekonstruowany życiorys jednego z wybitnych Rzymian o imieniu M. V. Maximianus, który wsławił się licznymi bohaterskimi czynami w okresie tzw. wojen markomańskich. Podstawą dla ...dokonania tej rekonstrukcji były dwa źródła o kapitalnym znaczeniu, oba mające postać inskrypcji. Pierwszą z tych inskrypcji odkryto w dzisiejszym słowackim Trenczynie, drugą w Zanie na terenie Algierii. Co istotne ich treść wzajemnie się wzbogaca i uzupełnia. Pretekstem do podjęcia tematu była dawno odbyta rozmowa autora z Jubilatem, w której obaj zastanawiali się nad autentycznością kreowanej przez Russella Crove postaci Maximusa bohatera filmu „Gladiator”, który w artykule został skonfrontowany z postacią wymienionego wyżej historycznego Maximianusa.
In the present contribution we revise the fauna of the wasp family Scolebythidae found in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with the following new taxa being proposed: †Acanthabythus exilispineus ...gen. et sp. nov., †Arcapenesia compacta gen. et sp. nov., †Burmapenesia gen. nov., containing †B. iridescens sp. nov. and †B. longicephala sp. nov., †Cephalobythus gen. nov., containing †C. clypeatus sp. nov., †C. deformis sp. nov., †C. gladiator sp. nov., and †C. simplex sp. nov., †Cretopsenella spinifera gen. nov. et sp. nov., †Gnathapenesia burmensis gen. nov. et sp. nov., and †Rhynchopsenella gen. nov., containing †R. argentea sp. nov., †R. bicarinata sp. nov., and †R. diaphana sp. nov. We also remove †Nadezhdabythus burmensis Zhang et al. 2020 from the family and provide a genus-level key for Burmese amber Scolebythidae. The deposit now includes seven genera of Scolebythidae, all new to science, including thirteen new species, and represent the first legitimate records of the family in Burmese amber. The presence of the family in Burmese amber supports the prevalence of tropical forests in the West Burma block by that time, where the family was relatively diverse in comparison to the present-day fauna.
In Roman antiquity, gladiator fights reproduce a managed crisis: the spectators transfer the violence that could oppose each other onto the gladiator, rejecting it out on the community and ...channelling it against its opponent. Once the fight has ended, the spectators are once again united in the celebration of Victoria getting rid of the atrocity of death. Infames because touched by the taint of death and money, they are nonetheless fighters that provide catharsis. Moreover rites rule this act that breaks the taboo of violence within the area of the pomoerium. The arena for example is surrounded by herms delimiting the area of the games into a separate world, distinct from the one of the humans and the gods whose devoted statues and icons accompanies the spectators. Moreover civilizing gest of the gods and their myths are also staged in the arena, and their statues are brought into the amphitheatre during the inaugurating pompa. Trough the richness of this type of representations, romans show the strength of their institutions and the world order. The games are integrated within rites that renew the pax deorum and they guarantee the values and the domination of the romans using the divine assent. Gladiatoral fight like sacrifice is part of the self-regulating mechanisms, a collective transfer achieved through representations perceivable by everyone.
Aim
We investigate the biogeographical history and diversification in a treefrog lineage distributed in contrasting (open and forested) ecoregions of South America, including three biodiversity ...hotspots. We evaluate the role of dispersal and whether other factors such as diversity‐dependence or paleotemperatures could explain the diversification pattern for this group. Especially focusing on the savanna endemics, we illuminate the processes governing the species assembly and evolution of the Cerrado savanna.
Location
South American ecoregions south of the Amazon (i.e. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Araucaria Forest, Pampas, Central and Southern Andes).
Taxon
Boana pulchella group.
Methods
We built the most complete time‐calibrated phylogeny for the group to date. We then reconstructed ancestral ranges using the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis (DEC) model comparing different dispersal scenarios considering distance, adjacency and ecological similarity among regions. Centre‐of‐origin hypotheses in forest and open ecoregions were also tested. Using biogeographical stochastic mapping, we additionally estimated the contribution of range shifts across different biomes. Lastly, we evaluated several diversification models, including the effect of time, diversity‐dependence and temperature‐dependence on speciation and extinction rates.
Results
The Boana pulchella group originated during the Early Miocene (~17.5 MYA) and underwent high speciation rates during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, with a decreasing trend following the Miocene Climatic Transition. We found no support for a single ecoregion acting as a centre of origin and diversification; instead, we inferred recurrent range shifts with dispersal among dissimilar adjacent ecoregions. Speciation linearly dependent on paleotemperatures, with either no or very low constant extinction rates, best explained the slowdown diversification pattern.
Main conclusions
Our results support a species assembly of Cerrado savanna in South America during the Miocene with intermittent interchange with rain forest habitats. Past climate changes impacted the rate new species originated with apparently no impact on extinction. Finally, the repeated habitat shifts among open/dry and forested/humid ecoregions, rather than long‐term in‐situ diversification in single areas, highlights the very dynamic historical interchange between contrasting habitats in South America, possibly contributing to its high species diversity.
ÖZ: Romalıların gladyatörlerle ilgili olarak genellikle ikircikli bir yaklaşımlarının olduğu görülmektedir. Roma toplumunda gladyatörlere bir yandan hayranlık duyulmakta diğer yandan ise gladyatörler ...toplumdan dışlanmakta ve hukuken çeşitli kısıtlamalara tâbi tutulmakta ve şerefsiz (infamis) ilân edilmekteydiler. Özgür ve Roma vatandaşı olup gönüllü olarak bir sözleşme (auctoramentum) ile para karşılığında gladyatörlük yapmak isteyen bir kimse şerefsiz ilân edilerek çeşitli kısıtlamalara tâbi olmanın yanı sıra köle benzeri bir statüde olmaya katlanmak zorunda kalırdı. Antik çağda profesyonel atletlerin durumlarına yönelik olarak ise hukukî metinlerde birbiriyle çelişen ifadelerin yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bu çelişkiler nedeniyle günümüzde gösterdikleri faaliyetlerin birbirine benzediği tartışmalı olsa da daha çok vurgulanmaya başlayan bu iki gruptan profesyonel atletlerin durumlarının gladyatörlerle benzerlik gösterip göstermediği hakkında soru işaretleri oluşması muhtemeldir. Çalışmamızda gladyatörler ile profesyonel atletlerin hukukî statülerinin ele alınıp karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gladyatörler ve profesyonel atletlerin toplumsal ve hukukî konumları bakımdan aralarında çeşitli benzerlikler bulunsa bile, konuya ilişkin metinler incelendiğinde, gladyatörlerin aksine profesyonel atletlerin kural olarak şerefsizlikle (infamia) damgalanmadıkları tespit edilebilmektedir. Profesyonel atletlerin hukukî durumuna yönelik farklı metinler arasındaki çelişkili ifadelere rağmen bu iki grubun hukukî statüleri arasında benzerlikten çok farklılıkların bulunduğu söylenebilecektir. ABSTRACT: The Romans had ambivalent attitudes to gladiators. On the one hand the Roman society admired and glorified the gladiators, but on the other hand the gladiators were excluded from the society, were subject to various legal restrictions and branded with infamy (infamia). A freeborn Roman citizen who bound himself with a contract (auctoramentum) to fight in the arena as a gladiator in return for money had to endure a slave-like status. When it comes to the status of the professional athletes in antiquity, it can be observed that there are some contradictions in the legal texts concerning their status. Due to these contradictions it may be questioned whether there are any similarities between the status of these two groups of people. The aim of this essay is to approach and compare the legal status of the gladiators and the professional athletes. Although there are some similarities between the social and legal status of the gladiators and the professional athlethes, it can be said that unlike the gladiators the professional athletes aren’t branded with infamy. Despite the contradictions in the legal texts concerning the legal status of the professional athletes it can be claimed that there are more differences than similarities between the legal status of these two groups of people.
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