. Currants and gooseberries are part of the category of consumer goods, being appreciated both for their special taste and for their healing properties, being very rich in antioxidants and bringing ...health benefits, and for this reason they are used in food and pharmaceutical industry. The paper presents: the description of the area chosen for the establishment of the plantation, the currant and gooseberry varieties, diseases and pests, the planting technology, maintenance and harvesting of the fruits and the economic analysis of the business.
•Effective chloroplast SSR marker set was selected for Ribes plants.•Chloroplast SSR markers are very good at distinguishing between different Ribes species.•Ribes germplasm show great diversity, but ...all breeding programs work in the same direction and reduce it.
Currants and gooseberries (Ribes sp.) are important berry crops with high nutritional value, and the efficient development of new cultivars depends on the characterisation of Ribes genetic resources and successful inclusion into breeding materials. Ribes breeding programs are characterised by the extensive use of interspecific crosses to introduce required traits. In some cases, this makes it challenging to identify the genomic contribution of particular species to cultivars, thus limiting the understanding of the heredity of these traits. To clarify these issues, the present study aimed to evaluate the applicability of selected chloroplast SSR molecular markers to analyse germplasm consisting of genotypes developed through complicated multistage crosses among different Ribes species. This provides information on Ribes germplasm species composition and blackcurrant collection species structure, thus assessing the applicability and utility of the blackcurrant collection in breeding. Fifty cpSSR molecular markers previously developed for plants were assessed, and a set of 19 markers was selected for further analysis of a Ribes genetic resource collection. A set of 145 Ribes genotypes was analysed using the selected chloroplast markers: blackcurrants (R. nigrum L.), redcurrant (R. rubrum L.), European gooseberry (R. uva-crispa L.), mountain currant (R. alpinum L.), golden currant (R. aureum Pursh), R. americanum Mill., jostaberry (R. × nidigrolaria Rud.Bauer & A.Bauer), R. ussuriense Jancz., R. komarovii Pojark., R. sanguineum Pursh., R. latifolium Jancz., R. fasciculatum var. chinense Maxim., R. fragrans Pall., R. laxiflorum Pursh. and their interspecific hybrids. The cpSSR markers are suitable for differentiating Ribes species and thus are suitable for analysing germplasm collections, showing relationships regarding pedigree. The markers are good at showing the structure of a germplasm collection. However, in the case of complex interspecies crossings, identifying a specific percentage of a species within an accession cannot be guaranteed.
•Seven Ribes species, other than black and red currant, might be cryopreserved by dormant winter buds.•Pretreatments with cryoprotectants and an antioxidant increased post cryopreservation viability ...for most accessions.•Post LN-storage viability was dependent on interaction of genotype, processing year and pretreatment.
Currant and gooseberry plants (Ribes L.) are native to the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere through high elevations in Mexico and Central America to the mountainous regions of South America. Annually, the global production is about 838 MT. The fruits are used for cassis, juice preserves, in bakery, dairy products and pharmaceuticals. Some species such as black currant (Ribes nigrum) have antimicrobial, antitumor and immunostimulatory qualities; hence, interest is growing in crop improvement using a diversity of plant genetic resources. Active germplasm collections preserve Ribes cultivars as clonal plantations in the field or under protected cultivation, and species as plants in the field or seeds in cold storage. Long-term preservation of Ribes germplasm may be accomplished by various methods, one of them is cryopreservation of dormant winter buds (DB). This method is reported for preservation of R. nigrum. We have investigated the possibility of applying DBs for cryopreservation of other Ribes species. Eleven accessions in seven species (R. aureum var. aureum, R. aureum var. villosum, R. cereum, R. erythrocarpum, R. mascalerium, R. turbinatum and R. uva-crispa) were cryopreserved over two winter seasons without a pretreatment (standard), with a cryoprotectant (0.75 M sucrose) or a cryoprotectant with an antioxidant (0.75 M sucrose with 0.75 mM vitamin C). A 2-year average viability varied significantly among the accessions processed with the standard method (10 to 87.5%) and among accessions processed with the pretreatments (32.5 to 97.5%); however, the difference between the standard and treatment procedures was not significant. A significant difference in viability between the processing years was observed and there was an interaction between accession, year and treatments for seven accessions processed in three treatments but not in the four accessions processed in the two treatments. Cryopreservation of the broad species in the Ribes germplasm collection may be supported by identifying modifications of the standard cryopreservation procedure.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder mainly characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, altered lipid profile, oxidative stress, and vascular compromise. Physalis peruviana is a plant used in ...traditional Colombian medicine for its known activities of glucose regulation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the butanol fraction from an extract of Physalis peruviana calyces in two doses (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) in induced type 2 diabetic mice. Blood glucose levels were evaluated once a week, demonstrating that a dose of 100 mg/kg resulted in greater regulation of blood glucose levels in mice throughout the experiment. The same overall result was found for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA- IR). The lipid profile exhibited improvement compared to the non-treated group, a dose of 100 mg/kg having greater protection against oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels). Histopathological findings in several tissues showed structure preservation in most of the animals treated. The butanol fraction from Physalis peruviana at 100 mg/kg showed beneficial results in improving hyperglycemia, lipidemia, and oxidative stress status, and can therefore be considered a beneficial coadjuvant in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.
Candida albicans form biofilm by associating with biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm formation by C. albicans is relevant and significant as the organisms residing within, gain resistance to ...conventional antimycotics and are therefore difficult to treat. This study targeted the potential of spice-based antimycotics to control C. albicans biofilms. Ten clinical isolates of C. albicans along with a standard culture MTCC-3017 (ATCC-90028) were screened for their biofilm-forming ability. C. albicans M-207 and C. albicans S-470 were identified as high biofilm formers by point inoculation on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) medium as they formed a lawn within 16 h and exhibited resistance to fluconazole and caspofungin at 25 mcg and 8 mcg respectively. Aqueous and organic spice extracts were screened for their antimycotic activity against C. albicans M-207 and S-470 by agar and disc diffusion and a Zone of Inhibition was observed. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was determined based on growth absorbance and cell viability measurements. The whole aqueous extract of garlic inhibited biofilms of C. albicans M-207, whereas whole aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry were effective in controlling C. albicans S-470 biofilm within 12 h of incubation. The presence of allicin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid as dominant compounds in the aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry respectively was determined by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The morphology of C. albicans biofilm at different growth periods was also determined through bright field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The results of this study indicated that the alternate approach in controlling high biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans M-207 and S-470 using whole aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry is a safe, potential, and cost-effective one that can benefit the health care needs with additional effective therapeutics to treat biofilm infections.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Physalis peruviana L. (PP) is well known for its various properties, including its antioxidant property. In our previous study, the protective effects of PP against cigarette smoke-induced airway ...inflammation were confirmed. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of PP against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation. Treatment with PP inhibited the numbers of eosinophils and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of animal models with OVA-induced allergic asthma. PP also significantly decreased the production of total immunoglobulin E in the serum. Lung sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed that the influx of inflammatory cells was decreased in the lungs of mice treated with PP compared with cells in the OVA group. The increased expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and T cell marker KEN-5 were also reduced following PP treatment in the lung tissues compared with those in the OVA group. The PAS staining results showed that PP attenuated the overproduction of mucus in the lung. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed that PP significantly downregulated the activation of nuclear factor-KB/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and upregulated the expression of heme oxgenase-1 in the lungs. In an in vitro experiment, PP effectively reduced the levels of LPS-stimulated MCP-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that PP has considerable potential in the treatment of allergic asthma.
Ribes are essential berry crops in the temperate zones in Eurasia and New Zealand, and viral infections are common constraints in their cultivation. Gooseberry vein banding associated virus (GVBaV) ...is vectored by aphids and has been reported from a few European countries and North America. Knowledge on how GVBaV interacts with its vectors on Ribes is still limited. The occurrence of GVBaV in cultivated and wild Ribes in various habitats was studied, focusing on germplasm collections, wild localities, home gardens and green spaces where chemical plant protection is not applied. GVBaV was confirmed for the first time in Latvia in all studied Ribes groups except Ribes×nidigrolaria, and in all habitats surveyed; however, its occurrence did not exceed 8%. Ribes alpinum and R. aureum were found as new naturally infected hosts. GVBaV was detectable in single aphid specimens by PCR and confirmed in Aphis schneideri, Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, Cryptomyzus ribis, Hyperomyzus lactucae and Nasonovia ribisnigri. Phylogenetic analyses did not reveal supported clustering related to host or geographic origin, except for GVBaV isolates in A. schneideri obtained from cultivated gooseberry. This is the first study contributing to the understanding of virus genetic diversity in its vector species in relation to the host plants. A. schneideri that feeds only on Ribes is probably a major contributor to GVBaV spread in comparison with other aphid species migrating to secondary hosts.
Ribes alpinum and Ribes aureum are new hosts for gooseberry vein banding associated virus, which has also been found in seven aphid species living on Ribes plants, which could contribute the spread of the virus.
Emblica has been used as an important traditional herbal medicine in southeast Asia since ancient times. In this study, the air-dried hulls of emblica fruit were extracted with 95% ethanol, and then ...the extract was partitioned by diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (EA). The EA fraction was purified by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain six compounds. They were identified as cinnamic acid (C1), quercetin (C2), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (C3), gallic acid (C4), β-daucosterol (C5) and ellagic acid (C6) using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Cinnamic acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were identified as components of emblica fruit for the first time. The DPPH and ABTS
+ radical scavenging activities of components were evaluated. All the compounds showed significant DPPH and ABTS
+ radical scavenging activity except for cinnamic acid. Gallic acid showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity while ellagic acid showed the highest ABTS
+ scavenging activity amongst all the compounds tested.
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