Beginning with Tolstoy's first extant records of his written
œuvre, this anthology assembles seventy-seven unabridged texts that
cover more than seven decades of his life, from 1835 to 1910. It
...constitutes the most complete single-volume edition to date of the
rich variety of Tolstoy's philosophical output: apothegmatic
sayings, visions, intimate sketchbook and day notes, book reviews,
open letters, dialogues, pedagogic talks, public lectures, programs
and rules for personal behavior, fictions, and reminiscences. Most
of these newly translated and thoroughly annotated texts have never
been available in English. Among the four reprinted translations
personally checked and authorized by Tolstoy is the text titled
"Tolstoy on Venezuela," an archival restoration of an authentic
first publication in English of "Patriotism, or Peace?" (1896) that
had been deemed lost. In the inaugural piece, a seven-year-old
Tolstoy describes violent but natural animal life in contrast with
the lazy life of a peaceful barnyard in the countryside. The last
entry in the anthology written by an eighty-year-old Tolstoy for
his grandchildren provides a lesson on vegetarianism and
non-violence that a hungry wolf teaches a hungry boy during their
conversation when both are on their way to lunch.
It was the insolvable, the "scandalous," problems of philosophy
that never gave Tolstoy any rest: freedom of the will, religious
tolerance, gender inequality, the tonal shape of music, the value
of healthy life habits, the responsibilities of teaching, forms of
social protest, cognitive development, science in society, the
relation between body and mind, charity and labor, human dignity
and public service, sexual psychology, national war doctrines,
suicide, individual sacrifice, the purposes of making art. And
always: What are the sources of violence? Why should we engage in
politics? Why do we need governments? How can one practice
non-violence? What is the meaning of our irrepressible desire to
seek and find meaning? Why can't we live without loving? The
typeset proofs of his final insights were brought to Tolstoy for
approval when he was already on his deathbed. The reader will find
all the texts in the exact shape and order of completion as Tolstoy
left them. No matter their brevity or the occasion on which they
were written, these works exemplify Tolstoy as an artistically
inventive and intellectually absorbing thinker.
Sergei Witte served as finance minister and later prime minister of Russia during the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II, and was in large part responsible for the development policies which saw ...Russia transformed from a peasant economy into an industrial nation. This is the first biography of Witte in English.
Dostoevsky and Tolstoy are the titans of Russian literature. As mature artists, they led very different lives and wrote vastly different works, but their early lives and writings display provocative ...kinships, while also indicating the divergent paths the two authors would take en route to literary greatness. The ten new critical essays here, written by leading specialists in nineteenth-century Russian literature, give fresh, sophisticated readings to works from the first decade of the literary life of each Russian author—for Dostoevsky, the 1840s; for Tolstoy, the 1850s. Collectively, these essays yield composite portraits of these two artists as young men finding their literary way. At the same time, they show how the early works merit appreciation for themselves, before their authors were Titans.
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) are caused by a range of etiologies and result in a broad spectrum of disability. While nerve autografts are the current gold standard for the reconstruction of ...extensive nerve damage, the limited supply of autologous nerve and complications associated with harvesting nerve from a second surgical site has driven groups from multiple disciplines, including biomedical engineering, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and orthopedic surgery, to develop a suitable or superior alternative to autografting. Over the last couple of decades, various types of scaffolds, such as acellular nerve grafts (ANGs), nerve guidance conduits, and non-nervous tissues, have been filled with Schwann cells, stem cells, and/or neurotrophic factors to develop tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs). Although these have shown promising effects on peripheral nerve regeneration in experimental models, the autograft has remained the gold standard for large nerve gaps. This review provides a discussion of recent advances in the development of TENGs and their efficacy in experimental models. Specifically, TENGs have been enhanced via incorporation of genetically engineered cells, methods to improve stem cell survival and differentiation, optimized delivery of neurotrophic factors via drug delivery systems (DDS), co-administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and pretreatment with chondroitinase ABC (Ch-ABC). Other notable advancements include conduits that have been bioengineered to mimic native nerve structure via cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the development of transplantable living nervous tissue constructs from rat and human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Grafts composed of non-nervous tissues, such as vein, artery, and muscle, will be briefly discussed.
A work unprecedented in world literature, this unique volume contains a new translation of Lev Tolstoy's controversial novellaThe Kreutzer Sonata, which was initially banned by Russian censors. In ...addition, available to English readers for the first time is a fascinating and previously neglected constellation of counterstories written by the author's wife and son in direct response to Tolstoy's provocative tale, each a passionate attempt to undo the message of the original work. These radically conflicting tales, accompanied by excerpts from family letters, diaries, notes, and memoirs, provide readers with a vivid and highly revealing case study of the powerful disputes concerning sexuality and gender roles that erupted within the cultural context of late-nineteenth-century Russian, as well as European, society.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the commonest ‘congenital’ disease of the locomotor system throughout the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Bone & Joint Decade ...(2000-2010) 10%-15% of patients who are under the age of 50 when they require a hip replacement do so because of infant hip dysplasia. The background; technique and common mistakes; results; debate and politics; and the challenges of infant hip sonography are reviewed.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pohon merentang minimum (Minimum Spanning Tree) terhadap lintasan yang mengarah ke Pusat Perbelanjaan di Kota Palopo menggunakan Algoritma Semut. Penelitian ...ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Komputasi kampus II Universitas Cokroaminoto Palopo Jl. Lamaranginang, Kelurahan Salobulo, Kecamatan Wara Utara, Kota Palopo, Sulawesi Selatan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yaitu data jarak antar 8 Pusat Perbelanjaan di Kota Palopo yang diperoleh dari Google Maps. Data yang diperoleh direpresentasikan dalam bentuk graf, kemudian akan ditentukan parameter-parameter yang digunakan. Setelah itu, data dianalisis menggunakan bantuan Software NetBeans IDE 8.02. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total jarak minimum pada lintasan yang mengarah ke pusat perbelanjaan di Kota Palopo yang dihasilkan adalah 4,21km. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa algoritma semut bisa diterapkan dalam menentukan pohon merentang minimum terhadap lintasan yang mengarah ke pusat perbelanjaan di Kota Palopo.
Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is considered by many to be one of the greatest novels ever written. This study of its morally ambiguous protagonist, Anna, discusses Tolstoy's troubled relation to the ...feminine in terms of the fantasies, hopes, and fears that she represents.
In Reflecting on Anna Karenina, first published in 1989, Mary Evans presents an original, feminist reading of Anna's life and times for both students and the general audience. She argues that Anna is the embodiment of all those female characteristics that so captivated Tolstoy, and which he felt so compelled to punish in his writing. Evans indicates how author and central character are locked in a contradiction which can only be resolved in the novel by Anna's death, but which in real life must be overcome by women's assertion of their moral and sexual autonomy.
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