Objetivos: analizar el perfil nutricional, el contenido de azúcares libres y la presencia de alegaciones de salud o avales científico-sanitarios de las fórmulas lácteas de crecimiento para niños de ...uno a tres años. El perfil nutricional se comparará con el de la leche entera de vaca. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo de una muestra de 20 tipos distintos de leches de crecimiento comercializadas en los supermercados de Badajoz (España). La información nutricional y sobre alegaciones o avales se obtuvo del etiquetado de los productos. La cantidad de azúcares libres se estimó mediante la diferencia entre los azúcares totales y el contenido en azúcares de la leche de vaca. Resultados: comparadas con la leche entera de vaca, las leches de crecimiento aportan más calorías (67,7 frente a 65 kcal/100 ml) e hidratos de carbono (el 47,5 frente al 29%), y menos grasas (el 37,7 frente al 52%) y proteínas (el 14,8 frente al 19%). Los azúcares libres aportaron entre el 3 y el 22% del contenido calórico total. Todos los productos presentaron algún tipo de alegación y el 60% hicieron uso de alegaciones de salud no autorizadas y contaron con el aval de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Conclusiones: el alto contenido en azúcares añadidos de las leches de crecimiento es incompatible con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de los expertos en nutrición. Por tanto, debería regularse su composición nutricional, con un etiquetado más informativo, de tipo interpretativo, permitiendo el uso de alegaciones o avales científicos únicamente en productos que sigan tales recomendaciones.
Zusammenfassung
Kommunale Gesundheitsförderung, die auf gesundes Aufwachsen ausgerichtet ist, bedarf eines konzeptionellen Rahmens, um Kinder und Familien zu unterstützen und ihre Gesundheitschancen ...nachhaltig zu verbessern. Zur inhaltlichen Ausrichtung dieser anspruchsvollen Aufgabe dient das Konzept der familiären Gesundheitsförderung. Es fokussiert insbesondere die Nutzerperspektive der Familien.
Aus diesem Blickwinkel werden einerseits
lebensphasen
spezifische Bewältigungsaufgaben skizziert, wobei die Phasen Schwangerschaft, frühe Kindheit und Adoleszenz sowie die
Übergänge
zwischen den altersspezifischen Sozialisationsinstanzen besonders vulnerabel sind. Andererseits werden belastete
Lebenslagen
entlang familiärer Adversionen wie Armut, Isolation, Alleinerziehen, Fremdunterbringung oder Erkrankung dargestellt und lebenslagenspezifische Ansätze für Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention benannt.
Angebote der familiären Gesundheitsförderung sollten Stigmatisierung vermeiden und Familien lebensphasen- und lebenslagenspezifisch über Kommunen und weitere Settings unterstützen.
Zusammenfassung
Zahlreiche jüngere Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, dass bei Kleinkindern in Europa und auch in Deutschland häufig die Zufuhr verschiedener Nährstoffe unzureichend ist, besonders der ...ω3-Fettsäuren α‑Linolensäure und Docosahexaensäure sowie von Eisen, Vitamin D und Jod. Gleichzeitig überschreitet die Eiweißzufuhr meist deutlich das erwünschte Maß. Die angestrebte Annährung der Nährstoffzufuhr an den Bedarf kann v. a. durch eine gezielte Auswahl an nährstoffreichen Lebensmitteln erreicht werden, mit regelmäßigem Verzehr an Pflanzenölen, Fisch und Fleisch sowie einer begrenzten Trinkmenge an Kuhmilch (täglich eine bis 2 Tassen oder bis zu 200–400 ml). Die regelmäßige Einnahme von Supplementen bei gesunden Kindern wird kritisch bewertet. Der Verzehr von ausgewogen mit bestimmten Nährstoffen angereicherten Lebensmitteln kann zu einer Verbesserung der Versorgungssituation beitragen. Im Kleinkindalter werden als angereicherte Lebensmittel häufig Folgenahrungen für Kleinkinder im Alter von einem bis 3 Jahren (sog. Kindermilchgetränke) verwendet, für deren Zusammensetzung wir hier aktualisierte Empfehlungen auf der Grundlage der aktuellen Datenlage geben.
Jacked up and unjust Irwin, Katherine; Umemoto, Karen
2016., 20160830, 2016, 2016-08-23
eBook
In the context of two hundred years of American colonial control in the Pacific, Katherine Irwin and Karen Umemoto shed light on the experiences of today's inner city and rural girls and boys in ...Hawai'i who face racism, sexism, poverty, and political neglect. Basing their book on nine years of ethnographic research, the authors highlight how legacies of injustice endure, prompting teens to fight for dignity and the chance to thrive in America, a nation that the youth describe as inherently "jacked up"-rigged-and "unjust." While the story begins with the youth battling multiple contingencies, it ends on a hopeful note with many of the teens overcoming numerous hardships, often with the guidance of steadfast, caring adults.
Coming of age in America Waters, Mary C; Carr, Patrick J; Kefalas, Maria J ...
2011., 20110821, 2011, 2011-09-20, 20110101
eBook
What is it like to become an adult in twenty-first-century America? This book takes us to four very different places—New York City, San Diego, rural Iowa, and Saint Paul, Minnesota—to explore the ...dramatic shifts in coming-of-age experiences across the country. Drawing from in-depth interviews with people in their twenties and early thirties, it probes experiences and decisions surrounding education, work, marriage, parenthood, and housing. The first study to systematically explore this phenomenon from a qualitative perspective, Coming of Age in America offers a clear view of how traditional patterns and expectations are changing, of the range of forces that are shaping these changes, and of how young people themselves view their lives.
Realizar el estudio antropométrico longitudinal de una cohorte de niños sanos así como un análisis comparativo con los estudios españoles más cualificados (M. Hernández et al, L. Serra-Majem et al y ...A. Carrascosa et al).
Se registraron retrospectivamente el peso, la talla y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al nacimiento y a las edades de 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 y 14 años, en una cohorte de niños nacidos en el año 1993 y residentes en Navarra hasta el año 2007. La muestra estaba compuesta por 930 sujetos sanos (482 varones y 448 mujeres), de raza caucásica e hijos de padres de origen español.
Se exponen los valores medios de tallas, pesos e IMC con su distribución percentilada en ambos sexos. Respecto a las tablas de M. Hernández, se observaron algunas diferencias que se incrementaron significativamente con la edad. A la edad de 14 años, la talla y el peso (P50) de los varones navarros era superior en 5,8
cm y 9,0
kg, y la talla y el peso de las mujeres navarras en 4,2
cm y 3,6
kg, respectivamente. Al comparar los datos obtenidos con las tablas de L. Serra-Majem y de A. Carrascosa, no se observaron diferencias significativas.
Se corrobora una aceleración secular de talla y peso. A pesar del diseño longitudinal del presente trabajo, los datos obtenidos son superponibles a los valores antropométricos actualizados de la población pediátrica española, lo que permite considerar que en Navarra se haya alcanzado una estabilización definitiva del crecimiento en relación con sus circunstancias socioeconómicas y sanitarias favorables.
To perform a longitudinal study of anthropometric measurements in a cohort of healthy children, and a comparative analysis with one of the most accepted Spanish studies (M. Hernández et al, L. Serra-Majem et al and A. Carrascosa et al).
Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) at birth and age 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years were recorded. The cohort was made up of children born in 1993 and living in Navarre until 2007. The sample consisted of 930 healthy Caucasian children (482 males and 448 females) whose parents were of Spanish origin.
Mean values of height, weight and BMI with percent distribution in both sexes are shown. Differences that increased significantly with age were observed when compared to the tables of M. Hernández et al. Height and weight values (50 percentile) for males in Navarre were 5.8
cm and 9.0
kg higher, respectively, and for females 4.2
cm and 3.6
kg higher, respectively, at age 14. Differences were not significant when these data were compared to the tables of L. Serra-Majem and A. Carrascosa.
An increase in weight and height is corroborated. Despite the longitudinal design of this study, the data obtained is similar to the current anthropometric measurements of the Spanish paediatric population. This means that a definitive stabilization in growth may have been reached due to the favourable socioeconomic and health conditions.
The first public orphanage in America, the Charleston Orphan House saw to the welfare and education of thousands of children from poor white families in the urban South. From wealthy benefactors to ...the families who sought its assistance to the artisans and merchants who relied on its charges as apprentices, the Orphan House was a critical component of the city's social fabric. By bringing together white citizens from all levels of society, it also played a powerful political role in maintaining the prevailing social order. John E. Murray tells the story of the Charleston Orphan House for the first time through the words of those who lived there or had family members who did. Through their letters and petitions, the book follows the families from the events and decisions that led them to the Charleston Orphan House through the children's time spent there to, in a few cases, their later adult lives. What these accounts reveal are families struggling to maintain ties after catastrophic loss and to preserve bonds with children who no longer lived under their roofs. An intimate glimpse into the lives of the white poor in early American history, The Charleston Orphan House is moreover an illuminating look at social welfare provision in the antebellum South.
Throughout his career, Mark Twain frequently turned for inspiration to memories of his youth in the Mississippi River town of Hannibal, Missouri. What has come to be known as the Matter of Hannibal ...inspired two of his most famous books, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, and provided the basis for the eleven pieces reprinted here. Most of these selections (eight of them fiction and three of them autobiographical) were never completed, and all were left unpublished. Written between 1868 and 1902, they include a diverse assortment of adventures, satires, and reminiscences in which the characters of his own childhood and of his best-loved fiction, particularly Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, come alive again. The autobiographical recollections culminate in an astounding feat of memory titled "Villagers of 1840-3" in which the author, writing for himself alone at the age of sixty-one, recalls with humor and pathos the characters of some one hundred and fifty people from his childhood. Accompanied by notes that reflect extensive new research on Mark Twain's early life in Missouri, the selections in this volume offer a revealing view of Mark Twain's varied and repeated attempts to give literary expression to the Matter of Hannibal.
