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•Photocatalysts are reviewed from the perspective of historical development.•Development of photocatalysts is divided into four historical stages.•The main progress and direction of ...each historical stage are summarized.•The future development direction of photocatalysis technology is proposed.•The development of photocatalysis provides references for other technical fields.
Photocatalysis, as a low-cost and environment friendly technology, has demonstrated a significant potential for water pollution purification; it has received extensive attention in recent decades. The key is the photocatalyst; a large number of photocatalysts have been developed. To better understand and further develop the photocatalysis technology for water treatment, this review summarizes its development over time. The development period is divided into four stages (1960s-1993, 1994-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-present) to provide readers with a better understanding of the development characteristics, and causes and consequences of each historical stage. This review expounds the origin and development of photocatalysis and the obstacles encountered and overcome. It describes the development of mechanisms and methods to solve these problems in each time period. Moreover, it reviews the recent development of new photocatalysts, the concept of designing photocatalysts, and photocatalytic-coupling systems. Finally, it enumerates the problems that continue to exist in the application of photocatalysis technology, and highlights the key issues that must be addressed in future research. The review is aimed at providing the researchers with a deeper understanding of photocatalysis technology and encourage further development of the application of photocatalysis to water treatment.
Foreword Duthé, Géraldine; Samuel, Olivia; Solaz, Anne
Population (English ed. : 2002),
01/2021, Letnik:
76, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Since 2015, Population has published regular chronicles reviewing current knowledge on a particular population issue of global importance. These chronicles aim to provide a wide audience (of ...scientists, students, journalists, policymakers, and others) with a synopsis of both the data and the key elements of theoretical, methodological, and political debate. They contextualize the issue and provide a historical perspective. After a critical description of information sources and measurement tools, the authors review the most recent research on the topic and describe overall trends along with any social, spatial, and gender disparities. This is followed by a discussion on the potential political or legal implications of current and future situations, and the challenges for future research.
The economic power of B2B transactions hasn't been reflected in the amount of published research in marketing journals, and the relevance for practitioners of the studies issued has been questioned ...during the last 20years. How can we bring academicians and practitioners together? After studying the history of B2B marketing, building on configuration theory, and prospecting the future challenges for marketers, the authors argue that the research efforts should be focused on six major areas of inquiry: Innovation, Customer Journey and Relationship Value, Data Analytics, Harnessing Technology, Marketing/Finance Interface and Revenue Growth, and Industry Context or Ecosystem. Specifically, they propose 20 theoretical sub-categories that are compelling for academicians and relevant for B2B marketers. The research conclusions and propositions were established by an expert panel through an exhaustive ranking-type Delphi method and refined using a coding scheme from grounded theory. The authors discuss the implications for theory development and managerial interest.
•A historical B2B marketing theory review is done.•We constructed a panel of academic B2B experts.•We focused on building a bridge between academia and practitioners.•We identify specific research questions to develop the suggested six research streams.
This chapter reviews the historical emergence of evaluative thinking as an essential approach to evaluation practice. The contributions of evaluation pioneers to the identification and development of ...evaluation logic as a specialized form of critical thinking are honored. The conclusion articulates the high stakes involved, the life and death importance of thinking evaluatively in these uncertain and perilous times.
The most striking feature of Wutong, the preeminent God of Wealth
in late imperial China, was the deity's diabolical character.
Wutong was perceived not as a heroic figure or paragon but rather
as an ...embodiment of greed and lust, a maleficent demon who preyed
on the weak and vulnerable. In The Sinister Way, Richard
von Glahn examines the emergence and evolution of the Wutong cult
within the larger framework of the historical development of
Chinese popular or vernacular religion-as opposed to institutional
religions such as Buddhism or Daoism. Von Glahn's study, spanning
three millennia, gives due recognition to the morally ambivalent
and demonic aspects of divine power within the common Chinese
religious culture. Surveying Chinese religion from 1000 BCE to the
beginning of the twentieth century, The Sinister Way views
the Wutong cult as by no means an aberration. In Von Glahn's work
we see how, from earliest times, the Chinese imagined an enchanted
world populated by fiendish fairies and goblins, ancient stones and
trees that spring suddenly to life, ghosts of the unshriven dead,
and the blood-eating spirits of the mountains and forests. From
earliest times, too, we find in Chinese religious culture an
abiding tension between two fundamental orientations: on one hand,
belief in the power of sacrifice and exorcism to win blessings and
avert calamity through direct appeal to a multitude of gods; on the
other, faith in an all-encompassing moral equilibrium inhering in
the cosmos.
To date, health care industry has not fully grasped the potential benefits to be gained from big data analytics. While the constantly growing body of academic research on big data analytics is mostly ...technology oriented, a better understanding of the strategic implications of big data is urgently needed. To address this lack, this study examines the historical development, architectural design and component functionalities of big data analytics. From content analysis of 26 big data implementation cases in healthcare, we were able to identify five big data analytics capabilities: analytical capability for patterns of care, unstructured data analytical capability, decision support capability, predictive capability, and traceability. We also mapped the benefits driven by big data analytics in terms of information technology (IT) infrastructure, operational, organizational, managerial and strategic areas. In addition, we recommend five strategies for healthcare organizations that are considering to adopt big data analytics technologies. Our findings will help healthcare organizations understand the big data analytics capabilities and potential benefits and support them seeking to formulate more effective data-driven analytics strategies.
•A big data analytics architecture for healthcare organizations is built.•We identify five big data analytics capabilities from 26 big data cases.•We present several strategies for being successful with big data analytics in healthcare settings.•We provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of big data analytics.
Our analysis situates the current COVID-19 induced food crisis within a longer-term historical perspective on policy responses to past food crises. We argue that the legacies left by these past ...policies created vulnerabilities in the face of the present crisis, which is characterized by three interlocking dynamics: disruptions to global food supply chains, the loss of income and livelihoods due to the global economic recession, and uneven food price trends unleashed by a set of complex factors. We make the case that the COVID-19 pandemic marks an inflection point and demands a different set of policy responses that work toward fundamentally transforming food systems.
The oil crisis of 1973/74 is commonly seen as the advent of state-led attempts to restructure rich societies' energy infrastructures. Indeed, from a historical perspective, crises have repeatedly ...facilitated infrastructural transformations toward sustainability. But under what conditions can crises challenge existing orders and promote alternative infrastructures? Drawing on a historical vignette that reconstructs the public discourse emerging around the first oil crisis in the United States, this article proposes to reconsider the transformative potential of crises from a perspective focusing on the contested constitution of the future. We argue that the potential of crises to foster broader processes of infrastructural change is dependent on the capacity of actors to discursively challenge hopes and expectations inscribed in established infrastructures. As the example of the first oil crisis illustrates, crises are instances in which political actors engage in interpretative struggles to settle on whether disruptions present "real" crises that require infrastructural transformation – or are mere accidents, errors, or irregularities that existent infrastructure can either withstand or requires only minor adaption as a result. In these discursive struggles, images of the future are contested on three layers: tangible experiences are linked to or detached from broader future consequences; potential causes are projected into the future or relegated to the past; and feasible future remedies are conceived or discarded. It is on these three layers of crisis discourse that the future is "opened up," and alternative infrastructures become conceivable.
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