Historia del tiempo presente Crescentino, Diego S.; Vitón, Gonzalo
História da Historiografia,
08/2020, Letnik:
13, Številka:
33
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar en torno a las posibilidades que ofrece la historia del tiempo presente como perspectiva historiográfica para conducir estudios críticos inmersos en la ...realidad que pretendemos analizar. A partir de numerosas fuentes secundarias y de nuestra experiencia investigadora, sistematizamos las definiciones existentes en torno a la historia del tiempo presente abordando su ontología, cuestionando su perspectiva epistemológica y dialogando con sus desafíos metodológicos. Tras ello, nos enfocamos en el análisis de dos de sus fuentes, escasamente integradas entre sí: las fuentes orales y los marcos normativos. Partimos de la hipótesis de que su integración a través de un diálogo interdisciplinar posibilita superar las limitaciones propias de la historia del tiempo presente. Concluimos que, efectivamente, esta perspectiva tiene esa posibilidad siempre y cuando se haga un tratamiento riguroso de las fuentes y no deje de considerarse la larga duración del tiempo histórico.
This paper aims at highlighting how interest in the issues of web and social media archiving and preservation has grown enormously, in parallel with the awareness of the importance of these ...‘resources’ as privileged sources for reconstructing the history of our era. How will the historians of the future be able to reconstruct the historical period we are living through if memory institutions are not able to archive and preserve the websites and social media of institutions, public bodies, parties, associations, government bodies, political figures, and famous people in general, given that everything is now conveyed through these channels? The fragility of the web, then, would require immediate action and the launch of ‘web and social media archiving’ initiatives without delay, on pain of the disappearance of all that has been made available online in recent years, but on this point the situation in Italy - with a few exceptions - appears to lag far behind other European countries and enormously behind the Anglo-Saxon countries. There is therefore an urgent need to launch initiatives to raise awareness on these issues and to train the skills and professionalism required to conduct web and social media archiving and preservation projects.
The article contains the main historical sources identified in order to study the preparation and conduct of elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in the Kaluga province. Despite the ...extensive amount of research available, most of them are conducted by the interests and ideas of the Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks). The problems of holding the first all-Russian vote in the regions are not covered enough. Only since the 1990s. we can talk about the emergence of a variety of problems raised by researchers related to elections to the Constituent Assembly.
The author identified the following groups of sources of an all-Russian and regional nature: legislative materials, office documentation of central and local bodies responsible for the preparation and conduct of elections, collections of documents of political parties and public organizations, journalistic works of representatives of political parties, sources of personal origin, periodical printing. One of the cases of the fund of the F-1128 State Archive of the Kaluga Region "Protocols of the Meshchovskaya District for Elections to the Constituent Assembly of the Commission" deserves special attention, since it is the only source identified at the moment containing a detailed report on the conduct of elections in the county.
The author believes that due to the fragmentation of regional sources, the absence of specially formed groups of documents in regional archives, only a comprehensive study of regional and all-Russian sources will allow us to study in detail the process of preparing and holding elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in a separate constituency. A necessary condition for further research of the electoral process in the Kaluga constituency is the expansion of the source base through the materials of archives neighboring the Kaluga provinces, work to identify sources of personal origin.
In this article I present a paradigmatic case to exemplify how cross-examining sources constitutes one of the core pillars of our research work. I argue that a primary source, which can be easily ...regarded as a piece of evidence that is beyond accidental or intentional alterations, that can only convey veracity, and is, therefore, broadly speaking, authentic, must also be cross-examined. There is no such thing, or there should be no such thing as a primary source invested with an aura of sanctity, exempt from the need for verification. The critical examination of sources, that process of comparing and contrasting information, is to our profession what the microscope and reagents are to the natural sciences. Cross-examining pieces of evidence constitutes the crux of all research work, as a piece of evidence is, as a rule, an incomplete and imperfect piece in the puzzle. But no matter how incomplete and imperfect they may be, those fragments of evidence are all we have to recreate the past. Tracing the origins of a tiny detail, such as a handwritten note in a mostly typewritten archival document, can be the thread that gives us the answer to a series of questions. From now on, all meticulous research work will consist of pulling this thread so that it may lead us to new and better explanations. That tiny detail is what we have been waiting for in order to finally piece together the pattern. This article is made from the analysis of documents from the Guatemalan Army, documentary collections from the Historical Archive of the National Police, newspapers, declassified documents from the United States Government, and oral sources.
The research of historical proper names reveals the necessity to emphasize and link the cultural, social and political aspects that play a role in the development of onyms. It should be noted that ...the language and the names of inhabited settlements reflecting it developed within a certain single system of life, which can be divided only hypothetically. The oikonymy of the extinct language, when viewed as the development of linguistic phenomena, should be addressed from a systematic perspective. It is impossible to draw the line that would divide the starting point and the end point of the development of historical proper names. The rich empirical data, mostly coming from historical manuscript sources, show an ongoing process. We cannot tell the exact date when the Old Prussian language became extinct. However, it is clear that the Old Prussian names of inhabited settlements outlived the language and were more resistant to the processes of Germanization and Polonization than it has been thought to this day. Linguistic, social and cultural phenomena occur in the same domain and are mutually dependent. Politics has the power to change the name. The replacement of some of East Prussia’s native toponyms with Russian ones is a sad proof of that power put into practice. Nevertheless, some indigenous toponyms had enough strength to survive. The dimension of historical time has been introduced to the research and the significance of change for the survival of Old Prussian proper names in the processes of Germanization and Polonization has been highlighted. Polish onomasticians also study the extralinguistic meaning of onyms through the heritage of the Teutonic Order, as onyms are the witnesses of history in the environment of language contacts. The monumental work of Polish researchers Nazwy miejscowe Polski (Eng. Polish Place Names) is also noteworthy, however, the material that is included or excluded occasionally poses quite a few questions for the researchers of Old Prussian proper names. The article discusses more interesting cases of Old Prussian oikonymy on the territory of present-day Poland.
For more than 45 years, the Historic Documents series has made primary source research easy by presenting excerpts from documents on the important events of each year for the United States and the ...world. Each volume includes approximately 60 events with well over 100 documents from the previous year, from official or other influential reports and surveys, to speeches from leaders and opinion makers, to court cases, legislation, testimony, and much more. Historic Documents is renowned for the well-written and informative background, history, and context it provides for each document. Each volume begins with an insightful essay that sets the year's events in context, and each document or group of documents is preceded by a comprehensive introduction that provides background information on the event. Full-source citations are provided. Readers have easy access to material through a detailed, thematic table of contents, and each event includes references to related coverage and documents from the last ten editions of the series. Events covered in the 2017 Edition include: The intricacies of the new presidential administration of Donald Trump Russian involvement in the U.S. presidential election U.S. and global policies on immigration and refugees Landmark Supreme Court rulings on gerrymandering and state grant money for parochial schools, and the appointment of Neil Gorsuch Global warming and climate change agreements and policies European elections, including those in the UK, France, and Germany Outcomes of the G-20 Summit North Korea and international calls to action Volumes in this series dating back to 1972 are available as online editions on SAGE Knowledge.
The study of the History of Spanish America owes much to the western written culture, also today the legacy of the Amerindian oral tradition is recovered. The primary sources offer a spontaneous ...panorama in the testimonial, rich, diverse and abundant, not exempt from a necessary criticism and crossing of testimonies. The notorious american chronicles obey a specific time and place, and manifest an explicit interest in the knowledge and possession of the New World, its nature and its people. At the same time that the associated alterity and identity are analyzed, the alien gaze and the connection of cultures turned into biological miscegenation and cultural syncretism are not ignored.
Coastal areas have been under pressure throughout history. Today these environments are occupied by a large portion of the world population and are dramatically affected by human activities. For a ...better understanding of the natural evolution of coastal ecosystems and their present state, historical studies are necessary. For this purpose researchers should apply methods that combine different historical sources, such as historic mapping and oral sources. In this paper we examine land uses that led to the disappearance of an arid coastal dune system, and the way to study it. Results reveal that each different land use had a different impact on the environment, and this was in correspondence with socio-economic needs. Finally, we discuss the results obtained and the methodology used.
•A multi-analytical approach based on FTIR, Raman, SERS and UV-visible spectroscopies, XRD, CHN and ESI-MS analyses for the identification of five early synthetic dyes ok unknown composition, ...belonging to the “Primo Levi” Chemistry Museum (Rome).•An extensive literature search on the history of dye production to confirm the reliability of the hypotheses formulated.•Towards the identification of early synthetic dyes in artefacts laying the basis for their conservation, valorisation and restoration.
In the present work a historical collection of early synthetic dyes, stored at the “Primo Levi” Chemistry Museum of the Università La Sapienza di Roma, the so-called coloreria, was investigated through different analytical techniques: Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-visible, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) spectroscopies, CHN elemental analysis, electron-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The aim was to characterise five dyes of unknown composition, produced by one of the main dye manufacturers of the 19th century, the Leopold Cassella & Co. The combination of the different methods led to the identification of the five colourants as Chrysoidine G, Amaranth, Direct Scarlet B, Acid Fuchsin and Nile Blue, and extensive bibliographic research confirmed the reliability of the hypotheses formulated on the basis of the analytical data.
For a long time, silk, tea, sinocentrism, and eurocentrism made up a big patch of East Asian history. Simultaneously deviating from and complicating these tags, this edited volume reconstructs ...narratives from the periphery and considers marginal voices located beyond official archives as the centre of East Asian history. The lives of the Japanese Buddhist monks, Eastern Han local governors, Confucian scholars, Chinese coolies, Shanghainese tailors, Macau joss-stick makers, Hong Long locals, and Cantonese working-class musicians featured in this collection provide us with a glimpse of how East Asia’s inhabitants braved, with versatility, the ripples of political centralization, cross-border movement, foreign imperialism, nationalism, and globalism that sprouted locally and universally. Demonstrating the rich texture of sources discovered through non-official pathways, the ten essays in this volume ultimately reveal the timeless interconnectedness of East Asia and the complex, non-uniform worldviews of its inhabitants.
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