The Impulsive Behavior Short Scale-8 (I-8) measures the psychological construct of impulsivity with four subscales comprising two items each (completion time < 1 min). The aim of the present study ...was threefold: (1) to assess the psychometric properties (objectivity, reliability, and validity) of the English-language I-8; (2) to compare these psychometric properties with those of the original German-language source version of the scale; and (3) to test the cross-national comparability of the scale via measurement invariance tests. For this purpose, we used heterogeneous quota samples from the UK and Germany. Our results indicate that I-8 is a reliable and valid short scale with highly comparable psychometric properties across both language versions. In addition, I-8 showed a highly similar correlational pattern with various extraneous variables across the two nations. Furthermore, partial scalar invariance and full invariance of residual variances held, allowing the comparison of latent means and observed (co)variances across nations. I-8 lends itself as a measure of impulsive behavior especially in surveys in which assessment time is limited, such as in large-scale cross-national surveys.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Traditionally, autonomous cars treat human-driven vehicles like moving obstacles. They predict their future trajectories and plan to stay out of their way. While physically safe, this results in ...defensive and opaque behaviors. In reality, an autonomous car’s actions will actually affect what other cars will do in response, creating an opportunity for coordination. Our thesis is that we can leverage these responses to plan more efficient and communicative behaviors. We introduce a formulation of interaction with human-driven vehicles as an underactuated dynamical system, in which the robot’s actions have consequences on the state of the autonomous car, but also on the human actions and thus the state of the human-driven car. We model these consequences by approximating the human’s actions as (noisily) optimal with respect to some utility function. The robot uses the human actions as observations of her underlying utility function parameters. We first explore learning these parameters offline, and show that a robot planning in the resulting underactuated system is more efficient than when treating the person as a moving obstacle. We also show that the robot can target specific desired effects, like getting the person to switch lanes or to proceed first through an intersection. We then explore estimating these parameters online, and enable the robot to perform active information gathering: generating actions that purposefully probe the human in order to clarify their underlying utility parameters, like driving style or attention level. We show that this significantly outperforms passive estimation and improves efficiency. Planning in our model results in
coordination
behaviors: the robot inches forward at an intersection to see if can go through, or it reverses to make the other car proceed first. These behaviors result from the optimization, without relying on hand-coded signaling strategies. Our user studies support the utility of our model when interacting with real users.
Advances in animal motion tracking and pose recognition have been a game changer in the study of animal behavior. Recently, an increasing number of works go ‘deeper’ than tracking, and address ...automated recognition of animals’ internal states such as emotions and pain with the aim of improving animal welfare, making this a timely moment for a systematization of the field. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of computer vision-based research on recognition of pain and emotional states in animals, addressing both facial and bodily behavior analysis. We summarize the efforts that have been presented so far within this topic—classifying them across different dimensions, highlight challenges and research gaps, and provide best practice recommendations for advancing the field, and some future directions for research.
Statistical physics of vaccination Wang, Zhen; Bauch, Chris T.; Bhattacharyya, Samit ...
Physics reports,
12/2016, Letnik:
664
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Historically, infectious diseases caused considerable damage to human societies, and they continue to do so today. To help reduce their impact, mathematical models of disease transmission have been ...studied to help understand disease dynamics and inform prevention strategies. Vaccination–one of the most important preventive measures of modern times–is of great interest both theoretically and empirically. And in contrast to traditional approaches, recent research increasingly explores the pivotal implications of individual behavior and heterogeneous contact patterns in populations. Our report reviews the developmental arc of theoretical epidemiology with emphasis on vaccination, as it led from classical models assuming homogeneously mixing (mean-field) populations and ignoring human behavior, to recent models that account for behavioral feedback and/or population spatial/social structure. Many of the methods used originated in statistical physics, such as lattice and network models, and their associated analytical frameworks. Similarly, the feedback loop between vaccinating behavior and disease propagation forms a coupled nonlinear system with analogs in physics. We also review the new paradigm of digital epidemiology, wherein sources of digital data such as online social media are mined for high-resolution information on epidemiologically relevant individual behavior. Armed with the tools and concepts of statistical physics, and further assisted by new sources of digital data, models that capture nonlinear interactions between behavior and disease dynamics offer a novel way of modeling real-world phenomena, and can help improve health outcomes. We conclude the review by discussing open problems in the field and promising directions for future research.
Abstract
Date Presented 04/07/19
We conducted a validation study on a performance-based assessment of EF called Front Desk Duty in mild stroke patients. Preliminary findings suggest that FDD can be ...scored reliably and distinguishes between groups of healthy adults and those with mild stroke who fail an EF screen. This study expands the repertoire of available multitasking assessments, which will contribute to better identification of people with mild stroke who could benefit from OT intervention.
Primary Author and Speaker: Ginger Carroll
Additional Authors and Speakers: Romina Takimoto
Contributing Authors: Mary Radomski, Jerry Halsten, Shayne Hopkins, Kristen Johnson, Kristina Kath, Rob Kreiger, Amy Meyers, Stacey Rabusch
This study aims to create a bibliometric profile of the Journal Computers in Human Behavior employing bibliometric analysis, bibliometric mapping and thematic analysis to identify its document types, ...the dynamics and trends of research literature production, impact factor, most cited articles, and large contributing institutions and countries. Additionally, the authors were interested in finding the established patterns of cooperation among countries and institutions and the most productive research themes and their evolution through time. We were also interested in finding out if there are any sleeping beauties among articles published in the Journal. The study revealed a positive trend of scientific literature production and that the average number of references is increasing contrary to the number of pages per publication, which is decreasing, although it has remained stable in recent years. The most productive countries and institutions are from the United States, and the majority of the literature production is done by economically and scientifically fit and well developed countries. The identified research themes correspond with the Journal's aims and scope. The rising number of publications, increasing number of citations and, consequently, the Journal impact factor, together with the existence of sleeping beauties, shows that the editorial policy is well thought out and future oriented.
•The first bibliometric profile of the Journal Computers in Human Behavior.•The trend of scientific literature production and impact factor of the journal is positive.•The majority of the literature production is done by economically developed countries.•Identified research themes correspond with the journal's aims and scope.•Five sleeping beauties were identified.
The present study examined the relationship between personality and individual differences in multi-tasking ability. Participants enrolled at the University of Utah completed measures of ...multi-tasking activity, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. In addition, they performed the Operation Span in order to assess their executive control and actual multi-tasking ability. The findings indicate that the persons who are most capable of multi-tasking effectively are not the persons who are most likely to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously. To the contrary, multi-tasking activity as measured by the Media Multitasking Inventory and self-reported cell phone usage while driving were negatively correlated with actual multi-tasking ability. Multi-tasking was positively correlated with participants' perceived ability to multi-task ability which was found to be significantly inflated. Participants with a strong approach orientation and a weak avoidance orientation--high levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking--reported greater multi-tasking behavior. Finally, the findings suggest that people often engage in multi-tasking because they are less able to block out distractions and focus on a singular task. Participants with less executive control--low scorers on the Operation Span task and persons high in impulsivity--tended to report higher levels of multi-tasking activity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
T regulatory cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 (Foxp3+ Tregs) promote tissue homeostasis in several settings. We now report that symbiotic members of the human gut microbiota induce a ...distinct Treg population in the mouse colon, which constrains immuno-inflammatory responses. This induction–which we find to map to a broad, but specific, array of individual bacterial species–requires the transcription factor Rorγ, paradoxically, in that Rorγ is thought to antagonize FoxP3 and to promote T helper 17 (TH17) cell differentiation. Rorγ's transcriptional footprint differs in colonic Tregs and TH17 cells and controls important effector molecules. Rorγ, and the Tregs that express it, contribute substantially to regulating colonic TH1/TH17 inflammation. Thus, the marked context-specificity of Rorγ results in very different outcomes even in closely related cell types.
Urban open spaces provide various benefits to large populations in cities. Since thermally comfortable urban open spaces improve the quality of urban living, an increasing number of studies have been ...conducted to extend the existing knowledge of outdoor thermal comfort. This paper comprehensively reviews current outdoor thermal comfort studies, including benchmarks, data collection methods, and models of outdoor thermal comfort. Because outdoor thermal comfort is a complex issue influenced by various factors, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes physical, physiological and psychological factors as direct influences; and behavioral, personal, social, cultural factors, as well as thermal history, site, and alliesthesia, as indirect influences. These direct and indirect factors are further decomposed and reviewed, and the interactions among various factors are discussed. This review provides researchers with a systematic and comprehensive understanding of outdoor thermal comfort, and can also guide designers and planners in creating thermally comfortable urban open spaces.
Display omitted
•Reviewed benchmarks, data collection method, and models used in OTC studies•Identified direct and indirect influencing factors of OTC based on previous studies•Most studies indicated radiation had a stronger impact on OTC than wind speed.•Large regional discrepancy in clothing insulation has been found•Skin temperature gives an indication of dynamic impact on OTC.
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