Urban open spaces provide various benefits to large populations in cities. Since thermally comfortable urban open spaces improve the quality of urban living, an increasing number of studies have been ...conducted to extend the existing knowledge of outdoor thermal comfort. This paper comprehensively reviews current outdoor thermal comfort studies, including benchmarks, data collection methods, and models of outdoor thermal comfort. Because outdoor thermal comfort is a complex issue influenced by various factors, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes physical, physiological and psychological factors as direct influences; and behavioral, personal, social, cultural factors, as well as thermal history, site, and alliesthesia, as indirect influences. These direct and indirect factors are further decomposed and reviewed, and the interactions among various factors are discussed. This review provides researchers with a systematic and comprehensive understanding of outdoor thermal comfort, and can also guide designers and planners in creating thermally comfortable urban open spaces.
Display omitted
•Reviewed benchmarks, data collection method, and models used in OTC studies•Identified direct and indirect influencing factors of OTC based on previous studies•Most studies indicated radiation had a stronger impact on OTC than wind speed.•Large regional discrepancy in clothing insulation has been found•Skin temperature gives an indication of dynamic impact on OTC.
Fraude blijft organisaties wereldwijd treffen, ondanks de vele inspanningen om dit te voorkomen en te bestrijden. Daarbij leiden de rollen van de
internal auditor
en de
externe accountant
bij fraude ...al jaren tot een verwachtingskloof. Wat kan en mag het maatschappelijk verkeer redelijkerwijs van u verwachten? Om die kloof te helpen overbruggen, is het in ieder geval van belang dat u weet wat uw rol is, waar kwetsbaarheden zitten, maar ook sleutels tot succes. Omdat het altijd mensen zijn die stoute of strafbare dingen doen, en het ook mensen zijn die dergelijke kwesties onderzoeken, is beïnvloeding van menselijk gedrag sinds 2014 onderdeel van de
Frauditing
-aanpak en het onderliggende beheersingsmodel. Het juist kunnen interpreteren van lichaamstaal en daarop tijdig anticiperen (
profiling
), is een recente ontwikkeling te noemen die een meer precieze invulling geeft aan die specifieke beheersingsfase. Het voorspellende karakter van profiling geeft voorsprong bij dit actuele beheersingsvraagstuk. In dit artikel komen verschillende profiling-disciplines aan de orde.
Naive T cells are actively maintained in a quiescent state that promotes their survival and persistence. On antigen stimulation, T cells exit quiescence to initiate clonal expansion and effector ...differentiation. Initial studies focused on the immune receptors and transcriptional regulators involved in T cell quiescence and activation, but recent findings highlight cell metabolism as a crucial regulator of these processes. Here we summarize these intrinsic metabolic programmes and also describe how cell-extrinsic factors, such as nutrients and regulatory T cells, directly and indirectly balance quiescence and activation programmes in conventional T cells. We propose that immunological cues and nutrients license and tune metabolic programmes and signalling networks that communicate in a bidirectional manner to promote quiescence exit. Understanding the programmes that regulate T cell quiescence will be key for developing novel approaches to modulate protective and pathological T cell responses in human diseases.
AI and the transformation of social science research Grossmann, Igor; Feinberg, Matthew; Parker, Dawn C ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2023-Jun-16, 2023-06-16, 20230616, Letnik:
380, Številka:
6650
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Careful bias management and data fidelity are key.
Instagram is the fastest growing social network site globally. This study investigates motives for its use, and its relationship to contextual age and narcissism. A survey of 239 college students ...revealed that the main reasons for Instagram use are “Surveillance/Knowledge about others,” “Documentation,” “Coolness,” and “Creativity.” The next significant finding was a positive relationship between those who scored high in interpersonal interaction and using Instagram for coolness, creative purposes, and surveillance. Another interesting finding shows that there is a positive relationship between high levels of social activity (traveling, going to sporting events, visiting friends, etc.) and being motivated to use Instagram as a means of documentation. In reference to narcissism, there was a positive relationship between using Instagram to be cool and for surveillance. Theoretical contributions of this study relate to our understanding of uses and gratifications theory. This study uncovers new motives for social media use not identified in previous literature.
•The main reasons for Instagram use are “Surveillance,” “Documentation,” “Coolness,” and “Creativity.”•Interpersonal interaction and narcissism are positively related to most motives for Instagram use.•Gender is the best predictor of Instagram use.
Constraints on selfish behavior in plants Semchenko, Marina
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
12/2020, Letnik:
370, Številka:
6521
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Plants overproduce roots to secure resources nearby but avoid costly trips to neighbors' patches
We are used to human behavior, and the actions of other animals, being described as selfish, ...aggressive, or cooperative. Such words come up less often when contemplating plants. Yet plants too have evolved a fascinating array of behavioral strategies in their struggle for resources, although these are hard to demonstrate and quantify. Whether and when it pays for plants to selfishly overproduce roots and preempt resource capture by competitors, or cooperate by restraining root growth, has been the subject of extended debate (
1
,
2
). On page 1197 of this issue, Cabal
et al.
(
3
) tackle this question with a new theoretical model and an empirical test that highlight spatial costs of nutrient foraging as key to resolving apparent discrepancies between previous studies.
We are conscious of only a small fraction of our lives. Because the brain constantly receives an enormous quantity of information, we need to be able to do things without thinking about them-to act ...in "autopilot" mode. Automatic behaviors-the vast majority of our activities-occur without our conscious awareness, or subconsciously. Yet the physiological basis of subconsciousness remains poorly understood, despite its vast importance for physical and mental health. The neurodegenerative disease expert Yves Agid offers a groundbreaking and accessible account of subconsciousness and its significance. He pinpoints the basal ganglia-the ancient "basement of the brain"-as the main physiological hub of the subconscious. Agid examines its roles in the control and production of automatic behavior, including motor, intellectual, and emotional processes. He highlights the consequences for various brain pathologies, showing how malfunctions of the subconscious have clinical repercussions including not only abnormal involuntary movements, as seen in Parkinson's disease, but also psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorders and depression. Based on this understanding, Agid considers how seeing the basal ganglia as a therapeutic target can aid development of potential new treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Shedding new light on the physiological bases of our behavior and mental states, this book provides an innovative exploration of the complexities of the mind, with implications ranging from clinical applications to philosophy's thorniest problems.
Various technology innovations and applications have been developed to fight the coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic also has implications for the design, development, and use of technologies. There ...is an urgent need for a greater understanding of what roles information systems and technology researchers can play in this global pandemic. This paper examines emerging technologies used to mitigate the threats of COVID-19 and relevant challenges related to technology design, development, and use. It also provides insights and suggestions into how information systems and technology scholars can help fight the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper helps promote future research and technology development to produce better solutions for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.
PDF
