Environmental factors affect host-seeking behavior in ticks. In this study, 80 nymphal Amblyomma maculatum Koch were released in an observation arena containing four different heights of broom sedge ...stems (Andropogon virginicus L.) anchored in sand. Observations were made over three days as to proportion of ticks questing, questing height, and stem height distributionThis scenario was replicated three times with different cohorts of ticks (n = 80 per replicate) for each of three treatment combinations of temperature and humidity: High temperature/high humidity (HTHH), high temperature/low humidity (HTLH), and low temperature/high humidity (LTHH). A fourth treatment utilizing the same size cohort and number of replicates included Wind (HTHHW+/-) by alternating days of wind and no-wind conditions over four days. Mean questing height for ticks under HTHH, HTLH, and LTHH conditions ranged from 4.45 to 6.03 cm with ticks questing significantly higher in HTHH. A significantly lower proportion ticks quested in HTLH (8.64%) than HTHH (14.06%) and LTHH (15.33%). In HTHH and LTHH, a significantly higher proportion of ticks were observed questing on 5-cm stems. Wind significantly reduced average questing height, and when absent, ticks on 20- and 30-cm stems quested significantly higher. These data indicate that A. macuatum nymphs randomly select stems to quest upon and climb upward until environmental conditions are prohibitive/ideal. Conditions with reduced vapor pressure deficit (VPD) led to higher questing frequency and height. Relatively low questing heights observed correspond with size of preferred hosts and may explain infrequency of collection by dragcloth in the field. Key words: Gulf Coast tick, nymph, questing, host-seeking, behavior
In order to explore the indoor air quality during different cooking procedures, a very common kitchen in China is selected for experimental research. An indoor air quality meter is used to measure ...the temperature, relative humidity, and CO and COsub.2 concentrations of the indoor air above the stove when people cook four different dishes under different ventilation patterns in the kitchen. The results indicate that the heat and gas consumed during cooking are closely related to the temperature and concentrations of CO and COsub.2. Some cooking procedures such as boiling water are related to the indoor air temperature and relative humidity in the kitchen. In addition, in kitchens without mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation shows a more significant positive effect on controlling temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of CO and COsub.2 during cooking procedures.
 The order Palpigradi includes species characterized by millimetric size and a characteristic flagellum with bristles at the end of the opisthosoma. They represent one of the less well-known and ...obscure arachnid orders. In this paper, observations were made on the ecology and feeding behavior of species belonging to the genus Eukoenenia Börner, 1901, from the Western Italian Alps. Direct observations and photographic documentation of 141 individuals in their cave habitat, allowed the recording of data on the physical and trophic conditions such as the presence/absence of trophic resources, temperature and relative humidity, of the underground environment in which they were found. Results showed that the species of this taxon are not as rare as previously reported and that their presence is mainly influenced by temperature, relative humidity, trophic resources and the presence of two speleothems: rimstone dams and rafts. The combination of our observations as well as data previously published highlights that the taxon can have predatory and saprophagous feeding behavior depending on the availability of the food resources. This work represents the starting point for a further investigation of the taxon. Keywords: Arachnida , microwhip scorpions, subterranean biology, caves
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Twentyfour technical courses during the three weeks will cover such subjects as optics, ultrasonics ... statistics and management ... Cultural courses for spouses ... will cover industrial ...archaeology, music, drama and new techniques of food production .
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important crop in Brazil and Para is the major producer of roots. High temperature and humidity of tropical regions favor the development of various diseases, ...among them the cassava root rot. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of luminosity and culture medium on the mycelial growth and sporulation of Phytopythium sp. associated with different methods of inoculation on cassava roots. In vitro tests for pathogen growth were established in a 2 x 6 factorial design (luminosity x culture medium) with five replicates and the means were compared by t test (P less than or equal to 0.05). The culture medium containing sweet cassava root produced greater mycelial development and higher pathogen sporulation and it was the most suitable medium for pathogen culture. The culture under absence of light generated better mycelial growth than culture under 12 hour of light. Regarding the type of inoculation, the response was better when deeper injuries were induced. Key words: oomycete, sporulation, mycelium. A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) e uma importante cultura para o Brasil, onde o Para e o principal produtor de raizes. Regioes tropicais com alta umidade e temperatura favorecem o desenvolvimento de diversas doencas, como as podridoes de raiz. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da luminosidade e de meios de cultura no crescimento micelial e na esporulacao de Phytopythium sp. e analisar metodos de inoculacao do patogeno em raizes de mandioca destacadas. Os ensaios in vitro foram instalados em esquema fatorial 2x6 (luminosidade x meio de cultura), com cinco repeticoes e as medias comparadas pelo teste t (p greater than or equal to 05). O meio de cultura contendo raiz de mandioca mansa proporcionou maior desenvolvimento micelial e maior esporulacao do patogeno e e o mais adequado para o cultivo do patogeno. O cultivo sob ausencia de luz gerou melhor crescimento micelial do que o cultivo sob 12 horas de luz. Quanto ao tipo de inoculacao, a resposta foi melhor nas raizes que obtiveram ferimentos mais profundos. Palavras-chave: meio de cultura, oomiceto, esporulacao, micelio.
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Humidity detection has deep significance for the scientific research surrounding medical care and human performance, and the industrial development of agriculture, geography and automated ...instruments. This special issue aims to showcase some of the advancements in humidity sensor design and calibration, and its applications. The selected papers cover a variety of humidity sensor-related topics including material science, chemistry and industrial engineering. Through dedicated contributions from peer reviewers and the editorial team, this book aims to offers reader some insight into the field of humidity sensor development and use.
Humidity measurement is one of the most significant issues in various areas of applications such as instrumentation, automated systems, agriculture, climatology and GIS. Numerous sorts of humidity ...sensors fabricated and developed for industrial and laboratory applications are reviewed and presented in this article. The survey frequently concentrates on the RH sensors based upon their organic and inorganic functional materials, e.g., porous ceramics (semiconductors), polymers, ceramic/polymer and electrolytes, as well as conduction mechanism and fabrication technologies. A significant aim of this review is to provide a distinct categorization pursuant to state of the art humidity sensor types, principles of work, sensing substances, transduction mechanisms, and production technologies. Furthermore, performance characteristics of the different humidity sensors such as electrical and statistical data will be detailed and gives an added value to the report. By comparison of overall prospects of the sensors it was revealed that there are still drawbacks as to efficiency of sensing elements and conduction values. The flexibility offered by thick film and thin film processes either in the preparation of materials or in the choice of shape and size of the sensor structure provides advantages over other technologies. These ceramic sensors show faster response than other types.
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