Although maize being the second most important staple crop of Nepal after rice in term of area and production, its productivity is very low as compared to other develop nation. Unavailability of ...location specific maize hybrids might be one of the major causes of low productivity. Hybrid yields 20–30% more than open pollinated variety. National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, has registered and released seven maize hybrids but they are not suitable for all agro-climatic region of Nepal. This paper was prepared after intensive review of all the information obtained from all available resources i.e. journal article, NMRP and Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) annual report, book, proceeding as well as electronic sources. Hybrid maize covers only 10% of total maize area of Nepal. High price of hybrid seed, a wide gap in anthesis-silking interval, poor seed set, difficulties in early generation lines, untimely availability of inputs (irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides etc.), requirement for seed replacement in every season and high irrigation are the major problems associated with hybrid maize cultivation in Nepal. So, in order to increase the productivity of hybrid maize which will ultimately raise the economic standard of farmers, the emphasis must be given on hybrid maize research and development that suit to all agro-climatic region of Nepal.
Understanding heterosis and combining ability among distinct kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) genetic resources is crucial for developing hybrid kenaf. An investigation was conducted on 36 F
1
...combinations produced from nine parental genotypes of kenaf in a diallelic scheme using Griffing diallel analysis technique 2, model I. Highly significant F-test values revealed the presence of variability for all the 15 quantitative traits for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) except days to 1
st
flowering. The magnitude of GCA variance was considerably higher than that of SCA variance for plant height, stem middle diameter, stem top diameter, days to flowering, number of pods, number of seeds and 1000 seeds weight, showing the predominates of additive gene for these traits. Narrow-sense heritability of 50.93% in the combined environments showed that seed number was the most heritable trait, whereas days to 1
st
flowering and 1000 seed weight had moderate heritability. Parents P
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, P
3
and P
4
had the most dominant alleles for most traits studied. Considering SCA and heterosis values, the hybrids H3, H4, H9, H11, H23, H29 and H35 had high heterotic for fiber and seed yield.
Eleven morphologically diverse cultivated eggplant accessions were used for hybridization following half diallel mating design to obtain 55 hybrids. Evaluation of hybrids along with the parents was ...conducted over two locations followed by randomised complete block design with three replications to study gene action and combining ability of 15 morphological and biochemical traits. The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the environments and interaction of genotype and environment, except for fruit length to width ratio. Additive gene effects were significant for the inheritance of these traits and expression of these additive genes were greatly affected by environments. The general combining ability (GCA) was greater than their respective specific combining ability (SCA) for all traits except for fruit yield per plant. High values of GCA and SCA effects for characters of interest were dispersed among different genotypes. From this study it was observed that the best parental line was BT15 based on days to first flowering, total number of fruits per plant, total soluble solids and total phenol content. Besides, the parent BM5 showed good general combining ability effects for fruit yield per plant, fruit length and fruit length to width ratio and the parent BB1 performed good general combining ability for fruit diameter, fruit girth and fruit weight. Besides, other parents showed the best performance for only one trait. On the other hand, the hybrid BT6 × BT15 was reported bearing early flowering with high total phenol content and the hybrid BM9 × BB26 has high fruit yield with high soluble solids. Besides, the hybrid BM9 × BB1 has a high fruit diameter and fruit weight. All other hybrids except for these three (BT6 × BT15, BM9 × BB26 and BM9 × BB1) were shown the best performance for only one trait. Hence, based on the desired trait, the hybrid can be selected for future use after large scale evaluation.
As the software industry transitions from a license-based model to a subscription-based Software-as-aService (SaaS) model, many software development groups are using a hybrid development model that ...incorporates Agile and Waterfall methodologies in different parts of the organization. The traditional metrics used for measuring software quality in Waterfall or Agile paradigms do not apply to this new hybrid methodology. In addition, to respond to higher quality demands from customers and to gain a competitive advantage in the market, many companies are starting to prioritize quality as a strategic differentiator. As a result, quality metrics are included in the decision-making activities all the way up to the executive level, including Board of Director reviews. This paper presents key challenges associated with measuring software quality in organizations using the hybrid development model. We developed a framework called PIER (Prevention-InspectionEvaluation-Removal) to provide a comprehensive metric definition for hybrid organizations. The framework includes quality measurements, quality enforcement, and quality decision points at different organizational levels and project milestones during the software development life cycle (SDLC). The metrics framework defined in this paper is being used for all Cisco Systems products used in customer premises. Preliminary field metrics data for one of the product groups show quality improvement after implementation of the proposed measurement system.
Eloquent information about the genetic basis of inheritance is important for any breeding program. Therefore, a diallel study was conducted under the influence of tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) ...disease, using the eleven advanced lines of tomato. Firstly, information regarding percent disease index (PDI) was determined via artificial screening with viruliferous whiteflies. Later, these lines were crossed in a half diallel mating design to produce fifty-five one-way hybrids. These hybrids and parental genotypes were evaluated for morphological and biochemical traits under open field conditions. Using the Griffing approach (Method II and Model I), the basis of the inheritance of traits was determined. Furthermore, a Bayesian model was applied to the total yield descriptor. Correlation data indicated that total yield was not correlated with any other trait. The significant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) values indicate exploitable genetic variation. The broad-sense heritability values were larger than narrow-sense heritability, showing that selection will be efficient for the improvement of these traits. Hybrid combinations H23, H42 and H49 can be considered efficient for the selection of multiple traits, including yield. Overall, this study provides useful information regarding the genetics of important traits of tomato under TLCV infestation.
In maize breeding programs can arise difficulties in relation to combination capacity studies for determination of heterotic groups, which are highly correlated with genetic divergence among the ...parents. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence measured for nine quantitative morphological traits in eleven single-cross hybrids of maize cultivated in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone. The experiment was conducted at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - University Unit of Aquidauana. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications. At harvest time, it were measured the following traits: plant height, ear insertion height, ear length, ear diameter, stem diameter, number of kernels per rows, number of rows per ear, weight of hundred grains and grain yield. In the application of hybrids cluster technique was adopted the Mahalanobis's generalized distance as dissimilarity measure, and for establishment of similar groups was applied the Tocher's method. The results indicated the existence of genetic variability among tested hybrids. The greatest genetic divergence was observed among the pairs MAXIMUS and XB6012, implying in heterotic gains. Crossings of lines extracted from hybrids 2B587HX and XB6012 with lines obtained from the other hybrids provide greater heterosis. The traits grain yield and ear insertion height were those who more and less contributed, respectively, for genetic divergence among hybrids.
In maize breeding programs can arise difficulties in relation to combination capacity studies for determination of heterotic groups, which are highly correlated with genetic divergence among the ...parents. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence measured for nine quantitative morphological traits in eleven single-cross hybrids of maize cultivated in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone. The experiment was conducted at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - University Unit of Aquidauana. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications. At harvest time, it were measured the following traits: plant height, ear insertion height, ear length, ear diameter, stem diameter, number of kernels per rows, number of rows per ear, weight of hundred grains and grain yield. In the application of hybrids cluster technique was adopted the Mahalanobis's generalized distance as dissimilarity measure, and for establishment of similar groups was applied the Tocher's method. The results indicated the existence of genetic variability among tested hybrids. The greatest genetic divergence was observed among the pairs MAXIMUS and XB6012, implying in heterotic gains. Crossings of lines extracted from hybrids 2B587HX and XB6012 with lines obtained from the other hybrids provide greater heterosis. The traits grain yield and ear insertion height were those who more and less contributed, respectively, for genetic divergence among hybrids.
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