Tässä artikkelissa kuvataan niitä strategioita, joita vironkieliset käyttävät ratkoessaan sukukielisten idiomien merkityksiä. Tarkastelun kohteena on kyselytutkimuksen avulla kerätty aineisto. ...Kyselytutkimukseen osallistui kaksi ryhmää, opiskelijoiden ja heitä vanhempien vastaajien ryhmä. Molemmat ryhmät tulkitsivat 20 eri-ikäisen figuratiivisen sanonnan sisältöä. Niistä osa on lainattu eri kielistä, osa on alkuperältään suomalaisia. Analyysin kohteena ovat tulkinnoissa hyödynnetyt päättelyprosessit. Tarkoituksena on selvittää muun muassa, miten idiomikonstituentit ohjaavat sanontojen tulkintaa, millainen osuus ensyklopedisella tiedolla on siihen ja miten vähittäinen irtautuminen avainsanan konkretiasta vaikuttaa merkityksen etsintään. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan myös niitä käsityksiä sanonnan sisällöstä, jotka eivät nojaudu sanonnan yksittäisiin lekseemeihin ja ovat siten holistisempia ja korkealla abstraktiotasolla. Lisäksi pyritään löytämään vastaus seuraavaan kysymykseen: onko kielten läheisellä sukulaisuudella vaikutusta idiomien ymmärtämiseen? Tulokset osoittavat muun muassa sen, että vironkieliset tunnistavat suomalaisia idiomeja melko hyvin ja että käytössä on lukuisia päättelystrategioita. Jos virolainen sanonta muistutti vähän etäisemminkin suomalaista, tutkimuksen osallistujat uskoivat myös merkityksen olevan identtinen. Samankaltaisuus saattaa kuitenkin olla harhaanjohtavaa: “petollisia ystäviä” (engl. false friends) löytyy paitsi sanojen myös idiomien tasolla. *** Understanding Finnish idioms – Estonian speakers’ inference strategies *** This article describes the strategies used by Estonian speakers to interpret meanings of Finnish idioms. The data consist of responses to a survey, in which the respondents were asked to write down their understanding of the meaning of 20 figurative phrases in Finnish. The respondents were L2 speakers of Finnish, and they were divided into two groups: students and the respondents older than students. The purpose of the data analysis was to understand the reasoning processes that the respondents utilized while trying to arrive at the correct interpretation. The analysis focused on 1) how the meaning of different constituents guides the interpretation of idioms, 2) how encyclopedic knowledge is utilized in understanding the idioms and 3) how going beyond the concrete meaning of the constituents affects the reasoning. In addition, the study aimed at analyzing how the linguistic affinity of Finnish and Estonian contributes to the understanding the idioms in the cognate language. The analysis shows that Estonian L2 speakers of Finnish recognize Finnish idioms quite well. If the Estonian phrase has some resemblance with the Finnish one, the meaning is believed to be identical. However, the similarity can also be misleading: “false friends” are found not only at the level of words but also at the level of idioms.
This study focuses on a comparison of two sister languages, Estonian and Finnish. The purpose is to compare the idiomatic expressions which describe the emotion of anger in order to find out the ...similarities and differences in its conceptualisation and lexicalisation. The findings are interpreted by using the framework of cognitive metaphor theory. The idioms of both languages fit onto the five-stage scenario like folk model of anger (the offense and beginning of anger; the (physiological) effects of anger on Self; the attempt to control the emotion; losing the control; retribution i.e. aggressive behaviour). The cognitive model represents these aspects of the anger event which are conceptualised by using figurative expressions. Both languages provide a rich array of expressions motivated by cognitive metonymies. The emotion is described by referring to its bodily symptoms, i.e. the expected changes in the position or function of one’s body parts (both internal and external). The descriptions vary from realistic (e.g., rusikat näitama (Est) ‘to demonstrate aggressivity’, lit. ‘to show one’s fi st’) to unrealistic and even absurd ones (e.g., vetää herneet nenään (Fin) ‘to become angry’, lit. ‘to aspirate peas into one’s nose’). The differences lie in particular elements of the (human) body or physiological processes these languages focus on: Finnish idioms refer also to the (negative) activation of the brain and to a pattern of autoaggressive behaviour while the Estonian idioms pay more attention to the feeling of pressure in one’s chest and – on the other hand – also refers to the body parts of (domestic) animals. The latter expressions mix the metonymies with metaphoric mapping man is an animal and subject the (intensity of) emotional reaction to ridicule. In regard to the cognitive metaphors, some widespread ones could be detected in both of the languages, namely anger is hot fluid in a container, the intensity of anger is heat and anger is fire. Estonian tends to exploit the metaphor anger is fluid in a container more widely, by specifying the nature of fluids (such as poison and beer/alcohol) and the nature of containers such as one’s heart and spirit. In Estonian also the metaphor anger is a natural force is used in order to conceptualise one’s inability to control the emotion. The reifying metaphor experiencer is a machine seems to be a Finnish peculiarity.
This absorbing collection of metaphors includes a variety of expressions with figurative meanings, like similes, proverbs, slang and catchphrases. It is the result of a lifetime of work on dialect ...and metaphor and gives an overview of the folk wisdom expressed in figurative expressions. The author draws on his extensive contact with the rural cultures of Dorset, Cornwall, Yorkshire and Lancashire, but has also included a range of sayings from North America, Australia, Scotland and other English speaking countries. With revised contents and an improved index to make individual entries easier to find, the Concise can be used to check the meaning and the origin of an expression or to avoid mixed metaphors, anachronisms and incongruities. It is a joy to browse long after your original query has been answered.
Il ms. Roth 32 della Brotherton Library di Leeds, redatto in Provenza alla fine del 1400, è l’unico testimone noto di un siddur (libro ebraico di preghiere) in giudeo-provenzale. Esso costituisce ...un’importante fonte di informazioni sia sul rito degli ebrei di Provenza nel XV secolo, sia sulla lingua giudeo-provenzale. In questo articolo presento l’edizione di alcuni canti e preghiere conservati nel ms. Roth 32, finora inediti e, sulla base del materiale linguistico offerto, formulo alcune considerazioni di carattere linguistico e stilistico su questa specifica varietà di provenzale. In particolare, analizzo il metodo di traduzione dall’ebraico al giudeo-provenzale, chiarendo il significato di termini rari o non attestati nel provenzale “cristiano” coevo: talvolta si tratterà di neologismi, talvolta di prestiti (persino dal giudeo-arabo), talvolta di termini attestati finora solo nel provenzale moderno; inoltre, considero il rapporto tra il giudeo-provenzale “scolastico” riflesso nel siddur e qualche spia della lingua parlata dagli ebrei dell’epoca, per mettere in evidenza la complessità diafasica di questo idioma. Infine, opero un confronto tra le traduzioni giudeo-provenzale e giudeo-italiana dello shema‘ Israel per trarre qualche considerazione sull’annosa questione che riguarda la comune tradizione delle traduzioni giudeo-romanze e la loro eventuale origine giudeo-latina.
Standard naš svagdašnji Stanić Rašin, Irena
Croatica et Slavica Iadertina,
01/2023, Letnik:
18, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Rad preispituje Silićevu klasifikaciju funkcionalnih stilova i njihov odnos prema standardnom jeziku. Razmatraju se nazivi koji se u toj klasifikaciji koriste, s posebnim osvrtom na ...“književnoumjetnički funkcionalni stil” i “razgovorni funkcionalni stil”. Preispituje se raslojavanje funkcionalnih stilova u suvremenoj hrvatskoj jezičnoj zajednici, i to uz pretpostavku (na tragu pitanja “Govore li Hrvati hrvatski? koje je inspirirano podnaslovom “Govore li Senegalci senegalski?” iz Škiljanova Govora nacije (2002)”) da se, zbog različitih komunikacijskih potreba, ne služe svi govornici svim funkcionalnim stilovima te da su većini govornika najpoznatiji i u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji najbliži razgovorni i publicistički stil. U cilju doprinosa rješavanju jezičnih nedoumica u standardu i njegovim stilovima, kao i u razlikovanju standarda i nestandarda, predlaže se shematska redefinicija funkcionalnih stilova hrvatskoga standardnog jezika, uključujući njihova preklapanja, suodnose i nazive, kao i odnos prema nestandardnim idiomima. Osuvremenjena shema razlikuje termine “funkcionalni stil”, koji pripada standardu, i “jezik”, koji označava idiome koji pripadaju nestandardu, pa se predlaže uvođenje pojmova “književni jezik” i “razgovorni jezik” za dva idioma koja jednim svojim dijelom izlaze iz domene standardnoga jezika. Predložena klasifikacija negira postojanje „književnoumjetničkoga funkcionalnog stila“, već ga, vodeći se dosadašnjim kritikama toga stila kao sastavnoga dijela standardnoga jezika, proširuje na “književni jezik” koji služi kao “podloga” svim standardnim i nestandardnim idiomima. Predložena shema ostavlja dovoljno prostora za uvođenje i sistematizaciju žanrova, podstilova i međustilova koji su već obrađeni u literaturi.
This paper compares an attempt to identify the phraseological unit on the basis of the degree of semantic motivation of phrasal elements, originating in the Russian phraseological tradition, with ...various aspects of word combining as revealed in the corpus environment. The relativisation of relations between single word & multiword lexical units on the one hand & the semantically transparent & opaque phrases on the other broadens the subject-matter of phraseology to different types of language patterning & also offers dictionary solutions based on the contextual treatment of the lexical element. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document
U radu se Hrastina istraživanja (objavljena i rukopisna u upitnicima za Srpskohrvatski/hrvatskosrpski dijalektološki atlas) otočnih govora sjevernoga hrvatskoga primorja provedena 50-ih i 60-ih ...godina 20. st. analiziraju u odnosu na istraživanja istoga korpusa provedena krajem 20. st. Dio je Hrastinih radova, manjega opsega i deskriptivnih, ugrađen u recentnije sintetske radove hrvatske dijalektologije, a dio donosi i do danas najsustavnije prikupljene i obrađene podatke ispitanoga dijalektološkoga punkta.
This book revisits the theoretical and psycholinguistic controversies centred around the intriguing nature of idioms and proposes a more systematic cognitive-linguistic model of their grammatical ...status and use. Whenever speakers vary idioms in actual discourse, they open a linguistic window into idiomatic creativity - the complex cognitive processing and representation of these heterogeneous linguistic constructions. Idiomatic creativity therefore raises two challenging questions: What are the cognitive mechanisms that underlie and shape idiom-representation? How do these mechanisms define the scope and limits of systematic idiom-variation in actual discourse? The book approaches these problems by means of a comprehensive cognitive-linguistic architecture of meaning and language and analyses them on the basis of corpus-data from the British National Corpus (BNC). Therefore, Idiomatic Creativity should be of great interest to cognitive linguists, phraseologists, corpus linguists, advanced students of linguistics, and all readers who are interested in the fascinating interplay of language and cognitive processing.This book has a companion website: www.idiomatic-creativity.ch.
Tekstovi popularne glazbe važno su mjesto jezičnih dodira, hibridizacija i simbolično-ludične upotrebe jezičnog materijala, izvori i prijenosnici jezičnih inovacija. No, ta se građa uglavnom ...istražuje u odnosu na globalnu ekspanziju engleskog iako su važni i njeni odnosi s povijesno zatečenim praksama u društvima primateljima, u hrvatskom slučaju kontakt s talijanskim i njemačkim. Na primjerima iz raznih žanrova pokazuju se paralelizmi s ranim modernim i postmodernim makaroniz-mom i jezičnim ludizmom pučke i elitne kulture, uključivši iskorištavanje međujezičnih fonetskih podudarnosti i pretvaranje značajki raznih va-rijeteta u lingvističke metonimije. U zaključku se zagovara sinkronijska i dijakronijska integracija popularne glazbe u cjelinu sociokulturnih procesa te donosi tipologija jezičnih interpolacija i interferencija
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