L’ampleur du marché du travail au noir et les politiques migratoires étaient les causes principales de l’immigration illégale italienne en France et en Suisse. Alors que la France se distinguait par ...le rôle important de l’Etat dans le recrutement des émigres et une certaine bienveillance à l’égard de l’arrivée des familles des migrants, la Suisse se caractérisait par un faible interventionnisme étatique et un rejet du regroupement familial. Dans les deux pays, la nature restrictive du système légal d’immigration visait à limiter l’arrivée des travailleurs étrangers pendant les périodes de crise, mais constituait un obstacle aux recrutements en phase de croissance. Aussi l’Etat intervenait dans la gestion de l’immigration illégale afin de préserver le cadre normatif tout en lui assurant sa nécessaire souplesse.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, as part of Western Balkans and Europe, is facing same challenges as in other states in the region. Numerous security challenges in the region are making states and its ...citizens vulnerable and force the governments and law enforcement agencies to cooperate, exchange information and work together to respond properly. There is so much common in legal framework and organization of law enforcement agencies in other states in the region but Bosnia and Herzegovina is different. Unique political and administrative structure compare with other states in the region, 16 law enforcement agencies in inner security system divided in state level, two entities, one district and ten cantons and difficult cooperation and coordination between different ministries, institutions and agencies are some of obstacles. This paper focus on how much the differences in Bosnia and Herzegovina influence planning, decision making process, cooperation, coordination, control and time to respond on security challenges such as organized crime, terrorism and illegal migrations.
While the idea of clandestine immigration generally conjures images of recent immigrants and popular xenophobic reactions to recession and soaring unemployment, the case of Algerians in the 1960s ...suggests otherwise. Rather than focusing on irregular migration since the trente glorieuses went bust, this essay analyses the complex place of Algerians in the metropole immediately following the Algerian War (1954–1962). It argues, through a study of shifting policies and practices, that the process of decolonisation effectively limited Algerians’ legal, social and cultural membership in the nation. By examining several concrete ways France navigated the transition from the colonial to post-colonial era, this essay illustrates how a racialised category of citizens, known as français musulmans d’Algérie (FMA) before 1962, became a category of foreigners unlike any other.
This study explores certain features of cinema on Moroccan migration, focusing on the case study of risky and unauthorized migrations. The main objective is to determine the most recurrent narrative, ...aesthetic, contextual and cultural parameters when dealing with this sociological phenomenon in a sample of 17 films about migration included in the Moroccan Cinematographic Centre's catalogue. The methodology, including both quantitative and qualitative, includes in-depth interviews conducted to ten different Moroccan directors. We approach the migration phenomenon in cinema from the theoretical perspective of social controversy. Our findings confirm that context plays an important role in Moroccan cinema, since storylines illustrate the personal circumstances of protagonists. The rationale behind the migration of the protagonists often lie beyond subsistence economy. On the other hand, the patera (Spanish term for fragile migrant boats) drama is not depicted realistically, using metaphors and allusions instead. Scepticism, rather than victimization, and hope, rather than despair, profile the approach of the main themes.
Cet article procède à une comparaison de différents types de filières d’émigration clandestine qui ont permis les départs illégaux de plus de 500.000 Portugais vers la France entre 1957 et 1974. Il ...s’agit de mettre en relief les différents capitaux (sociaux, de réputation) mobilisés dans cette émigration clandestine qui prend la forme d’un jeu à trois dans lequel les acteurs (migrants, passeurs et agents de l’État) ont à la fois des intérêts antagoniques mais aussi convergents.
Autori u radu cjelovito analiziraju primjenu Prekršajnog zakona s institutima koje primjenjuje policija kao tužitelj. Krucijalno pitanje kroz cijeli rad odnosi se na poimanje stvarne uloge tužitelja, ...odnosno možemoli tu ulogu uopće poistovjetiti sa značajem koji ima državni odvjetnik ukaznenom postupku. Prekršajni zakon sadrži mnoge odredbe iz europskogzakonodavstva, Zakona o kaznenom postupku i Kaznenog zakona i zaistaje donio (nametnuo) brojne obveze tijelima da postupaju na višem nivou.Najbrojnije novine vidljive su upravo u ulozi tužitelja. Stoga su u radu provedene analize instituta tužitelja u prekršajnom postupku kroz povijesno,normativno i empirijsko istraživanje kako bi se dobio odgovor na središnjepitanje o (ne)primjeni uloge tužitelja. Najvažniji dio rada obuhvaća istraživanje policijske i sudske prakse kod prekršaja protiv javnog reda i mira,nasilja u obitelji, nereda na sportskim natjecanjima, potpomaganja nezakonitih migracija i vožnje pod utjecajem alkohola. S obzirom na značajnuulogu koju je zakonodavac omogućio tužiteljima u prekršajnom postupkuovo sveobuhvatno istraživanje dat će jednu retrospektivu položaja i ulogetužitelja s prijedlozima za daljnjim približavanjem tužitelja prekršajnogpostupka ulozi koju imaju državni odvjetnici u kaznenom postupku.
In this paper, the authors comprehensively analyse the application of the MisdemeanourAct with the legal institutes applied by the police as prosecutors. The crucial question in thepaper relates to the understanding of the actual role of prosecutors, namely whether we can atall equate this role with the significance that a public prosecutor has in criminal proceedings.The Misdemeanour Act contains many provisions from European legislation, the CriminalProcedure Act, the Criminal Code, and indeed has imposed numerous obligations on authorities to act at a higher level, with the most significant innovations being evident in the role ofprosecutors. Therefore, the paper conducts analyses of the legal institute of prosecutors inmisdemeanour proceedings through historical, normative, and empirical research to providean answer to the central question of the (non-)application of the prosecutor’s role. The most important part of the paper encompasses the research of police and judicial practices in offencesagainst public order and peace, domestic violence, disorders at sports competitions, assistingillegal migrations, and driving under the influence of alcohol. Considering the significant rolethat the legislator has granted to prosecutors in misdemeanour proceedings, this comprehensive research will provide a retrospective of the position and role of prosecutors, with proposalsfor further aligning the role of misdemeanour prosecutors with that of public prosecutors incriminal proceedings.
Nezakonite migracije su potkraj 20. stoljeća u gotovo svim krajevima svijeta a posebno prema visoko razvijenim područjima poprimile dimenzije koje su počele utjecati na sigurnost pojedinih zemalja. S ...ciljem zaustavljanja nezakonitih migracija države su počele jačati sustave nadzora državnih granica, ali isto tako poduzimati i druge mjere unutar nacionalnog teritorija i na regionalnoj i globalnoj razini. Za Republiku Hrvatsku posebno su zanimljive mjere i aktivnosti koje su na tom području poduzimane na teritoriju Europske unije, gdje je osobito bilo potrebno ublažiti tzv. »sigurnosni deficit« nastao ukidanjem kontrole na unutarnjim granicama. Kako se Republika Hrvatska nalazi u procesu približavanja Europskoj uniji morat će uvažiti i implementirati u nacionalno zakonodavstvo dosad postignute standarde na tom području .
The article discusses the current problem of illegal migration for Italy and the main ways to combat it. In particular, issues of its solution at the national level, as well as coordination of ...actions at the European and international levels are raised.
Border policing and immigration law enforcement produce a spectacle that enacts a scene of 'exclusion'. Such spectacles render migrant 'illegality' visible. Thus, these material practices help to ...generate a constellation of images and discursive formations, which repetitively supply migrant 'illegality' with the semblance of an objective fact. Yet, the more these spectacles fuel anti-immigrant controversy, the more the veritable inclusion of the migrants targeted for exclusion proceeds apace. Their 'inclusion' is finally devoted to the subordination of their labour, which is best accomplished only insofar as their incorporation is persistently beleaguered with exclusionary campaigns that ensure that this inclusion is itself a form of subjugation. At stake, then, is a larger sociopolitical (and legal) process of inclusion through exclusion. This we may comprehend as the obscene of inclusion. The castigation of 'illegals' thereby supplies the rationale for essentializing citizenship inequalities as categorical differences that then may be racialized.
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