ABSTRACTImidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is recommended for controlling Nilaparvata lugens. In Asian countries, such as, China, Vietnam, India, and Thailand, imidacloprid has caused ...resistance to N. lugens. Imidacloprid has also caused resistance to N. lugens based on some previous studies in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the fitness and feeding capacity of imidacloprid-resistant N. lugens. The population of N. lugens used in this study had a resistance level of 50.64 times compared to the susceptible population. When the resistant and susceptible population of N. lugens did not receive any exposure to imidacloprid, the susceptible population had better fitness than the resistance one. However, the fitness of the resistant population increased when this population was resistance which sublethal cencentration (LC50 & LC20) of imidacloprid. The increase fitness of this resistant population most likely related to the increase in feeding capacity of the resistant population when they were treated which sublethal imidacloprid. These findings suggest that the field population of N. lugens that have developed resistance would increase the probability of outbreak if they were sprayed with imidacloprid.Keywords: feeding capacity, imidacloprid, Nilaparvata lugens, relative fitness, resistance INTISARIImidakloprid adalah insektisida neonicotinoid yang direkomendasikan untuk mengendalikan Nilaparvata lugens. Di negara Asia, seperti, China, Vietnam, India, dan Thailand, imidakloprid telah menyebabkan resistensi terhadap N. lugens. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya dilaporkan imidakloprid juga menyebabkan resistensi terhadap N. lugens. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kebugaran relatif dan kemampuan makan N. lugens resisten terhadap imidakloprid. Populasi N. lugens yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mempunyai tingkat resistensi 50,64 kali dibandingkan dengan populasi peka. N. lugens populasi resisten dan peka apabila tidak dipapar dengan imidakloprid, populasi peka mempunyai kebugaran lebih baik dari pada resisten, namun kebugaran dari N. lugens populasi resisten meningkat ketika populasi tersebut dipapar dengan imidakloprid konsentrasi subletaal (LC50 & LC20). Peningkatan kebugaran populasi N. lugens resisten diduga terkait dengan peningkatan kemampuan makan akibat dipapar lagi dengan imidakloprid subletal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ledakan N. lugens akan terjadi, apabila populasi N. lugens yang telah resisten terhadap imidakloprid dipapar lagi dengan imidakloprid.Kata kunci: imidakloprid, kebugaran relatif, kemampuan makan, Nilaparvata lugens, resisten
In a paper the results of insecticidal activity of two known insecticides (deltamethrin and imidacloprid), thujone and essential oil of rosemary against the larvae and adults of sycamore lace bug ...(Corythucha ciliata) are presented. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, under room conditions. We tested the activity of each product in three different concentrations. The most desirable insecticidal activity had deltamethrin, which caused almost 100 % mortality of both developmental stages of the pest at all three concentrations. Succeeding products were imidacloprid, which caused 89.6 % larval mortality at recommended concentration, and essential oil of rosemary, which caused 81.7 % adult mortality at 1 % concentration. Larvae of sycamore lace bug were significantly more susceptible to tested products than adults. Significantly the lowest mortality was determined one day after treatment (41.7 %), while the highest mortality was stated three days after treatment (71.3 %). For future reduction of the damage caused by the studied pest on plane trees, we recommend the application of thujone and essential oil of rosemary, which appeared to be environmentally more acceptable substances. In our study both agents showed a middle satisfying activity in controlling larvae and adults, but they have also obvious repellent activity, which leads to their better efficacy in the open.
V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati insekticidnega delovanja dveh znanih insekticidov (deltametrin in imidakloprid), tujona in eteričnega olja rožmarina na ličinke in odrasle osebke platanove čipkarke (Corythucha ciliata). Poskus je bil opravljen v laboratoriju, v sobnih razmerah. Učinkovitost vsakega od pripravkov smo ugotavljali pri treh različnih koncentracijah. Najboljše insekticidno delovanje je imel deltametrin, ki je pri vseh koncentracijah povzročil skoraj 100 % smrtnost obeh razvojnih stadijev škodljivca. Sledi mu imidakloprid, ki je pri priporočeni koncentraciji povzročil 89,6 % smrtnost ličink in eterično olje rožmarina, ki je pri 1 % koncentraciji povzročilo 81,7 % smrtnost odraslih osebkov. Ličinke platanove čipkarke so bile signifikantno bolj občutljive na preizkušane pripravke kot odrasli osebki. Signifikantno najmanjšo smrtnost smo ugotovili prvi dan po tretiranju (41,7 %), največjo pa tretji dan po tretiranju (71,3 %). Za prihodnje zmanjševanje škodljivosti preučevane žuželke na platanah pa priporočamo uporabo tujona in eteričnega olja rožmarina, ki sta okoljsko sprejemljivejši snovi. Obe sta v našem poskusu pokazali srednje zadovoljivo delovanje na ličinke in odrasle osebke, a imata tudi dokazano repelentno delovanje, s čimer lahko na prostem pričakujemo njuno boljšo učinkovitost.
In order to obtain an effective and efficient control method in integrated pest management, a research to know the effectiveness of combination treatments on Empoasca sp. on tea plant had been ...conducted. The trial was carried out at Gambung Experimental Station (1,250 masl) and designed in Randomized Complete Block design (RCB), with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment tested comprised with A. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Pfr); B. sticky trap (ST); C. imidacloprid (I); D. Pfr + ST; E. Pfr + I; F. ST + I; G. Pfr + ST + I; and H. control. Pfr multiplied in rice medium 2.5 kg ha-1 and imidacloprid 0.125 L ha-1 were sprayed, while sticky trap was set in the middle of 5 m x 5 m plot. The parameters observed were attack intensity of Empoasca sp., population of Empoasca sp, and tea shoot production. The results showed that after 3 times application of all treatments revealed a decrease in the attack intensity of Empoasca sp. After the fourth application, combination treatment of sticky trap (ST) + imidacloprid (I) consistently showed higher efficacy than other treatments. In the sixth observation, the average of Empoasca sp. attack intensity of combination treatment (ST + I) was 15.95% with an average population of 0.67 Empoasca sp. per plot. In the meantime, tea shoot production was 33.64% higher compared with control.
Pojava otpornosti populacije štetnika na organofosfate i metilkarbamate, inhibitore acetilkolinesteraze, dovela je do njihove slabije učinkovitosti i uvjetovala da ih neonikotinoidni
insekticidi ...istisnu iz uporabe. Imidakloprid je najvažniji neonikotinoid, a odlikuje se niskom postojanosti u tlu, visokom insekticidnom aktivnosti i niskom toksičnosti u sisavaca. Neurofiziološke
studije su potvrdile da je on agonist postsinaptičkih nikotinskih acetilkolinskih receptora, pri čemu izaziva najprije stimulaciju postsinaptičkih membrana, a nakon toga para lizu prijenosa
živčanih impulsa. U Hrvatskoj se imidakloprid često koristi u maslinicima Istre i kvarnerskih otoka kao efi kasno sredstvo u zaštiti nasada maslina protiv različitih nametnika. Progresivno povećanje proizvodnje i primjene pesticida u poljoprivredi predstavlja veliku opasnost za onečišćenje okoliša, osobito podzemnih voda. Kada pesticid uđe u okoliš ovisan je o mnogim fi zikalnim i kemijskim procesima. Procesi sorpcije jedni su od glavnih faktora koji utječu na postojanost i pokretnost pesticida u okolišu. U ovome radu opisani su postupci sorpcije i razgradnje imidakloprida i njihova ovisnost o karakteristikama tla u četiri maslinika Istre i kvarnerskih otoka.
Sastav i svojstva tla (veličina čestica, udio organskih tvari, kiselost tla) imaju izrazit utjecaj na postupke sorpcije i razgradnje imidakloprida. Sorpcija imidakloprida je jača, a razgradnja
brža u tlu s višim udjelom gline i humusa te nižoj kiselost tla. Razgradnja imidakloprida u tlu se odvija sporo i kontinuirano. S vremenom poluraspada iznad 110 dana, imidakloprid se može
svrstati u postojane pesticide. Uslijed česte primjene ipak predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost zbog ulaska u ciklus kruženja tvari u okolišu s posljedičnim štetnim djelovanjem na biljni i životinjski svijet, a time i na čovjeka.
Neonicotinoids are increasingly replacing the organophosphate and
methylcarbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors which are losing their
eff ectiveness due to the selection for resistant pest ...populations.
Imidacloprid is the most important neonicotinoid with low soil
persistence, high insecticidal potency and rletively low mammalian
toxicity. Neurophysiological studies have confi rmed that imidacloprid
is an agonist at the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
which stimulates the postsynaptic membrane first and then paralyses
nerve conduction. In Croatia, imidacloprid is commonly used in olive
growing areas, including Istria and Kvarner islands, as an eff ective
mean of olive fruit fly infestation control. Once a pesticide is
introduced into the environment it can be infl uenced by many physical
and chemical processes. Pesticide sorption processes are undoubtedly
one of the major factors aff ecting the persistence and movement in the
environment. This paper describes sorption and degradation processes of
imidacloprid and investigates the relationships between soil properties
and sorption and degradation characteristics in four soils,
representative of northern Adriatic region, namely island Krk and a
coastal Istrian region. Soil content and properties (particle size,
content of organic matter, acidity) have a great eff ect on sorption of
imidacloprid onto soil particle. Sorption and degradation of
imidacloprid increase in soil with higher clay and organic matter
content and with lower acidity. The imidacloprid degradation processes
are continuous, though not very rapid. According to half-life of more
than 110 days, imidacloprid is classified as persistant pesticide.
However, it's liberate usage can disturb environmental cycling
and thus adversely aff ect non-target organisms, including plant and
animal species. In this way, imidacloprid may also impose a risk to the
human health.
Hepatotoksičnost i nefrotoksičnost insekticida klorpirifosa (CPF) i imidakloprida (IMC) istraživana je u pokusima na pilenkama uzimajući u obzir patološko-biokemijske promjene. Vrijednosti LD50 ...iznosile su 41 mg/kg tjelesne mase za CPF i 104,1 mg/kg tjelesne mase za IMC. Aktivnost kolinesteraze u plazmi bila je zakočena u pilenki kojima je peroralno bila primijenjena jedna doza CPF u količini od 55 mg/kg, dok je ostala nepromijenjena u pilenki koje su dobile IMC također peroralno u količini od 139 mg/kg. Aktivnosti enzima koji pokazuju jetrenu funkciju, tj. AKP, ALT and AST, bile su značajno povećane u pilenki obiju skupina. Razina mokraćne kiseline bila je značajno povećana, a razina kolesterola značajno smanjena u plazmi pilenki kojima je primijenjen samo CPF. Vrijednosti glukoze u plazmi pilenki koje su dobivale CPF bile su značajno veće (P<0,01), a također i u pilenki koje su dobivale IMC (P<0,05). U jetrenom tkivu pilenki kojima je bio primijenjen CPF mikroskopski je ustanovljena degeneracija, koaugulacijska nekroza i krvarenja. Povrh koagulacijske žarišne nekroze, u bubrezima su bila ustanovljena krvarenja i vakuolarna degeneracija tubularnih epitelnih stanica. Slična mikroskopska oštećenja bila su ustanovljena u pilenki kojima je primijenjen IMC. Izlaganje klorpirifosu i imidaklopridu dovelo je do patohistoloških promjena koje su usporedive s promjenama u biokemijskom nalazu pilenki.
Kestenov moljac miner (Cameraria ohridella) najznačajniji je štetnik divljeg kestena (Aesculus hippocastanum), koji je sastavni dio europskih parkova. Štetnik se redovito javlja u velikim ...populacijama i čini značajne štete na listovima. Suzbija se tretiranjem lišća (folijarno) ili ubrizgavanjem insekticida u deblo (endoterapeutska metoda).
Rad prikazuje rezultate pokusa suzbijanja kestenovog moljca minera tretiranjem krošanja divljeg kestena gradskih parkova. Pomoću leđnog motornog orošivača tretirana su stabla viša od 15 m. Korišteni su regulatori rasta kukaca, imidakloprid, spinosad i Bacillus thuringiensis, uz utrošak škropiva od 3 l po stablu.
Najbolji rezultati u suzbijanju kestenovog moljca minera postignuti su tretiranjem listova u dva navrata (razmak između dvije aplikacije približno 43 dana) s insekticidom imidakloprid (91.4–97,2 % učinkovitosti) i regulatorima razvoja kukaca – diflubenzuron (89,5–94,9%), heksaflumuron (84,6–96,3 %), metoksifenozid (85,6–94,9 %) i lufenuron (85,8–94,4%). Nije zabilježena statistički značajna razlika u učinkovitosti suzbijanja gusjenica kestenovog moljca minera nakon jednokratne primjene imidakloprida (88,9–97,7 %) i diflubenzurona (85,9–95,3 %) u odnosu na dva tretiranja istim insekticidima u jednoj vegetaciji. Učinkovitost spinosada bila je značajno niža (67,4–89,3 %), dok je učinkovitost pripravka na osnovi B. thuringiensis bila još niža, neovisno da li je provedeno tretiranje samo s B. Thuringiensis (30,3–87,1 %) ili je primijenjen B. thuringiensis u kombinaciji s imidaklopridom (52,4–91,6 %).
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