В статье рассматриваются вопросы предлагаемых мероприятий по осуществлению задачи эффективного импортозамещения продовольствия. Акцент сделан на необходимости марке-тингового обеспечения данного ...процесса для его научно-методического обоснования, поддержания конкурентной среды и ориентации на запросы потребителей.
Mitochondria import nearly all of their approximately 1,000-2,000 constituent proteins from the cytosol across their double-membrane envelope
. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the ...conserved protein translocase, termed the TIM23 complex, mediates import of presequence-containing proteins (preproteins) into the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane. Among about ten different subunits of the TIM23 complex, the essential multipass membrane protein Tim23, together with the evolutionarily related protein Tim17, has long been postulated to form a protein-conducting channel
. However, the mechanism by which these subunits form a translocation path in the membrane and enable the import process remains unclear due to a lack of structural information. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the core TIM23 complex (heterotrimeric Tim17-Tim23-Tim44) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Contrary to the prevailing model, Tim23 and Tim17 themselves do not form a water-filled channel, but instead have separate, lipid-exposed concave cavities that face in opposite directions. Our structural and biochemical analyses show that the cavity of Tim17, but not Tim23, forms the protein translocation path, whereas Tim23 probably has a structural role. The results further suggest that, during translocation of substrate polypeptides, the nonessential subunit Mgr2 seals the lateral opening of the Tim17 cavity to facilitate the translocation process. We propose a new model for the TIM23-mediated protein import and sorting mechanism, a central pathway in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Tässä selvityksessä tarkastelemme Suomen tuontiriippuvuutta Kiinasta. Kiinalaisten tuotantopanosten käyttöön loppukulutuksessamme päästään käsiksi arvonlisäperusteisten kauppatilastojen kautta, mutta ...tilastot ovat saatavilla vain hyvin karkealla jaottelulla. Tämän vuoksi riippuvuutta tarkastellaan myös tullin tavaratuontitilastoja käyttäen, jolloin on mahdollista tarkastella suoraa tuontiriippuvuutta hyvin yksityiskohtaisesti tavararyhmittäin. Koska monia kiinalaista alkuperää olevia tuotteita tuodaan jalostettuna tai osana muuta tuotetta toisesta EU-maasta, tarkastelemme myös EU:n tavaratuonnin riippuvuutta Kiinasta yksityiskohtaisella jaottelulla. Teollisuustuotteiden osalta vertaamme myös tavararyhmittäin Suomen omaa tuotantoa Kiinantuontiin. Lisäksi analysoimme Suomen riippuvuutta Kiinasta kriittisten raaka-aineiden osalta sekä mahdollisia muita tuottajamaita niiden hyödykkeiden osalta, joista olemme riippuvaisia Kiinasta. Selvityksessä käytetty yksityiskohtainen aineisto on saatavilla Suomen Pankin julkaisusivustolta (Linkki).
The largest challenge still remains in enhancing the living conditions and economic progress, while growing the environmental footprint is related to energy. The move towards renewable sources means ...that energy utilization can be increased and environmental impacts reduced. The key purpose of the present analysis was to investigate the CO2 emissions interaction to industrialization, energy imports, carbon intensity, economic progress, and gross capital formation by using time span data ranging from 1971 to 2019. Variable stationarity was confirmed by utilizing the unit root tests, while quantile regression analysis was utilized to check the CO2 emission influence on the independent variables. Outcomes showed that industrialization has constructive influence with CO2 emission having coefficient (0.161636) with probability value (0.0000). Similarly the variable energy imports, carbon intensity, and gross capital formation have positive coefficients (0.206843), (0.895212), and (0.442922) with probability values (0.2171), (0.0004), and (0.0002) correspondingly that exposed the positive interaction with CO2 emission in Pakistan. The variable economic progress exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission with having coefficient (−0.002841) with probability value (0.8795). In directive to improve the economic progress, the government of Pakistan should take future action to minimize carbon dioxide emission from different sectors that cause the climate change.
This paper tested the relation among macroeconomic variables such as economic growth, current account balance, energy imports and non-economic variable as militarization for the selected countries by ...employing Markov Switching-Bayesian Vector Auto Regressive approach for China, Israel and South Korea. These countries have high rate of export and import of weapons, the current account surplus, and higher rate of energy imports. The results showed that the relation between the selected variables differs in these countries with respect to their energy and weapon import levels. According to Markov-Switching Bayesian Granger Causality results, if the governments determine the polices in the context of the results of the traditional causality test, it will be impossible to obtain the estimated impacts from the policies. Results determined that Militarization, energy imports, economic growth and current account balance relate to each other for all countries. Energy imports increase in the effect of militarization races and economic growth. The current account of the selected countries are vulnerable to the negative energy shocks and militarization.
•Markov-Switching Bayesian Granger Causality test and traditional Granger causality test were applied.•Militarization, energy imports, economic growth and current account balance relate to each other.•Energy imports increase in the effect of militarization races and economic growth.•The current account balances are vulnerable to the negative energy shocks and militarization.
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