In the course of fifteen momentous years, the Spanish- and the Portuguese-American empires that had endured for three centuries came to an end in the mid-1820s. How did this come about? Not all Latin ...Americans desired such a change, and the independence wars were civil wars, often cruel and always violent. What social and economic groups lined up on one side or the other? Were there variations from place to place, region to region? Did men and women differ in their experience of war? How did Indians and blacks participate and how did they fare as a result? In the end, who won and who lost? Independence in Latin America is about the reciprocal effect of war and social dislocation. It also demonstrates that the war itself led to national identity and so to the creation of new states. These governments generally acknowledged the novel principle of constitutionalism and popular sovereignty, even when sometimes carving out exceptions to such rules. The notion that society consisted of individuals and was not a body made up of castes, guilds, and other corporate orders had become commonplace by the end of these wars. So international politics and military confrontations are only part of the intriguing story recounted here. For this third edition, Richard Graham has written a new introduction and extensively revised and updated the text. He has also added new illustrations and maps.
PurposeThe study focusses on explaining why advocates for reform to state audit in the United Kingdom (UK) in the early 1980s, focussed on improving the links between the new National Audit Office ...(NAO) and Parliament, rather than on traditional notions of audit independence. The study shows how this focus on the auditor's link to Parliament depends on a particular concept of liberty and relates this to the wider literature on the place of audit in democratic society.Design/methodology/approachUnderstanding the issue of independence of audit in protecting the liberties and rights of citizens needs addressed. In this article, the authors investigate the creation of audit independence in the UK in the National Audit Act (1983). To do so, the authors employ a neo-Roman concept of liberty to historical archives ranging from the late 1960s to 1983.FindingsThe study shows that advocates for audit reform in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s were arguing for an extension to Parliament's power to hold the executive to account and that their focus was influential on the way that the new NAO was established. Using a neo-Roman concept of liberty, the authors show that they believed Parliamentary surveillance of the executive was necessary to secure liberty within the UK.Research limitations/implicationsThe neo-Roman republican concept of liberty extends previous studies in considering the importance of audit for public accountability, the preservation of liberty and democracy.Practical implicationsPublic sector audit can be a fundamentally democratic activity. Auditors should be alert to the constitutional importance of their work and see parliamentary accountability as a key objective.Originality/valueThe neo-Roman concept of liberty extends previous studies in considering the importance of audit for public accountability, preservation of liberty and democracy.
Multi-core devices are envisioned to support the development of next-generation safety-critical systems, enabling the on-chip integration of functions of different criticality. This integration ...provides multiple system-level potential benefits such as cost, size, power, and weight reduction. However, safety certification becomes a challenge and several fundamental safety technical requirements must be addressed, such as temporal and spatial independence, reliability, and diagnostic coverage. This survey provides a categorization and overview at different device abstraction levels (nanoscale, component, and device) of selected key research contributions that support the compliance with these fundamental safety requirements.
The independence equivalence class of a graph G is the set of graphs that have the same independence polynomial as G. Beaton, Brown and Cameron (2019) found the independence equivalence classes of ...even cycles, and raised the problem of finding the independence equivalence class of odd cycles. The problem is completely solved in this paper.
In the Indonesian war of independence, which had a strong guerrilla war character, intelligence was decisive for achieving military successes. No wonder that the Netherlands and the Republic of ...Indonesia waged a fierce intelligence battle between 1945 and 1949. Nevertheless, not much is known about the personnel, organization and working methods of the Dutch military intelligence services, which were to function as the eyes and ears of the army. This study examines this violent confrontation for intelligence in detail. To what extent have the Dutch services used torture and other forms of extreme violence? And why? How accurate was the intelligence they gathered about the Indonesian forces? What effects did their reports have on Dutch actions in the field – and on the decision-making of higher echelons? The tug-of-war over the crucial cooperation of the population and the extremely violent or otherwise violent actions of the Indonesian intelligence services are also discussed. The course of the espionage war is explained based on the interactions between the Dutch and Indonesian services, which continuously tried to outsmart each other. This book shows that this grim and complex struggle behind the scenes had a major – and so far underexposed – impact on the Dutch-Indonesian war.
While the Netherlands is still struggling with the question of how serious and widespread the violence was in the Indonesian War of Independence, that history can be found everywhere in Indonesia. ...Monuments and burial grounds are the silent witnesses of the battle and the stories of the war are still circulating. Remco Raben and Peter Romijn argue in this book that the way the Netherlands has long viewed the war in Indonesia has its origins in the language and the manipulation of information during that war. They investigate the mentality of administration and politics in Indonesia and the Netherlands and trace the path that knowledge about violence has taken, from the villages and fields in Indonesia to the desks of administrators, politicians and journalists in the Netherlands. This book shows how the cover-up of violence in Indonesia worked. It explains why war crimes and other large-scale violence against the Indonesian population were tolerated, how the army was able to dominate the provision of information about the war, how administrative mechanisms and mentalities promoted the concealment, how Dutch politicians looked away, and how Indonesian voices were systematically were ignored.
Anticipated trade, insurance, and fiscal shocks from independence structure preferences for secession independently from nonmaterial considerations. To test this claim, we draw from an original ...survey conducted in Catalonia before the 2017 regional election, which followed a suspended declaration of independence. Trade shocks produce differential effects depending on market specialization: Respondents working in sectors and at firms specializing in the host state market disproportionately oppose secession, whereas those specializing in foreign markets show no aversion to independence. Exclusion from public insurance strengthens preference for secession among the long-term unemployed. Support for secession also increases with skill levels but not because of expected postindependence factor returns. The skilled population shows a better understanding of the institutional design of interterritorial redistribution. In a context of autonomy retraction, this group is more skeptical of the accommodation of regional demands within the union. Overall, we advance an individual-level materialistic approach to the study of secession.
Rates of child and adolescent anxiety have increased markedly over the past decade (Haidt & Twenge, 2023). Exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy is the gold standard in the treatment of anxious ...children (Hofmann et al. (2012)). However, many clinicians refrain from using exposure due to concerns about its safety, effectiveness, and ethics (Deacon et al., 2013; Whiteside et al., 2016). We propose a novel treatment approach for child anxiety composed of independence activities (IAs), which are child-directed, fun, unstructured, developmentally challenging tasks performed without parents’ help. These tasks are purposely topographically unrelated to the stimuli that cause anxiety, in direct contrast to exposure therapy. Despite this dissimilarity, IAs target putative mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of child anxiety (e.g., parental accommodation and overinvolvement, child avoidance, unhelpful thinking styles). Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, this five-session treatment provided preliminary evidence of high treatment acceptability from children and parents. Medium to large improvements were reported in child anxiety and avoidance, parent and child (behavioral and cognitive) mechanisms involved in the maintenance of child anxiety, and untargeted secondary outcomes such as child happiness. Results may suggest a new treatment paradigm, which is desperately needed, given unabated increases in child and adolescent anxiety despite vast resources being directed toward the problem.
•A new treatment for child and adolescent anxiety, based on independence was effective.•Children and parents found increasing independence in anxious kids to be feasible and acceptable.•Having kids do daily independence activities led to less anxiety and avoidance.•Treatment worked quickly, in just five sessions.
Distance correlation is extended to the problem of testing the independence of random vectors in high dimension. Distance correlation characterizes independence and determines a test of multivariate ...independence for random vectors in arbitrary dimension. In this work, a modified distance correlation statistic is proposed, such that under independence the distribution of a transformation of the statistic converges to Student t, as dimension tends to infinity. Thus we obtain a distance correlation t-test for independence of random vectors in arbitrarily high dimension, applicable under standard conditions on the coordinates that ensure the validity of certain limit theorems. This new test is based on an unbiased estimator of distance covariance, and the resulting t-test is unbiased for every sample size greater than three and all significance levels. The transformed statistic is approximately normal under independence for sample size greater than nine, providing an informative sample coefficient that is easily interpretable for high dimensional data.
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