The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has developed rapidly in recent years. Private blockchains with decentralization, flexible rules, and good privacy protection can be applied in the IIoT to ...process the massive data and tackle the security problem. However, the scalability of blockchain places a restriction on IIoT. Accordingly, this article proposes an improved algorithm based on Two_Arch2 to improve the scalability and decentralization while reducing the latency and cost of the blockchain. By integrating the private blockchain theory to IIoT and simultaneously considering the above four objectives, a many-objective blockchain-enabled IIoT model is constructed. Then an improved Two_Arch2 algorithm is utilized to solve the model. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm can effectively optimize four indicators of the model.
The place and characteristics of architectural structures in the developing production, industry and energy fields are important at the point of architecture being a versatile and interdisciplinary ...practice. Industrial-energy facilities are buildings that are mostly established in areas outside the city and designed to be protected against environmental factors, where energy and industrial activities are carried out. Since it is a production-oriented system, it includes many different operational processes. These buildings are used for a wide range of purposes such as manufacturing, storage, and distribution. The design of an industrial building plays an important role in determining the productivity, efficiency and safety of the facility. In this view, material selection has been evaluated as a critical factor in architectural design of industrial-energy facilities. It affects the environmental sustainability, structural performance, and aesthetic appeal of the built environment. The materials used in the construction of an industrial building should also be carefully selected. These buildings experience heavy wear and tear, and therefore need to be durable and long-lasting. Steel and concrete are popular materials because of their strength and durability, while also being flexible in accommodating the changing needs of the business. This paper presents a scientific approach to material selection that considers sustainability, performance, and aesthetics criteria. Studies on the structure and other characteristics of industrial-energy facilities, which constitute the main problematic of the study, has been examined, and it has been aimed to reveal the theory and knowledge at the point of the experience of the authors. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal the architectural features, commonly used materials and material selection criteria of industrial-energy facilities by determining them through theoretical knowledge, analysis, observation and professional experience.
Color is one of the important elements in design and the most exciting. The world of fashion and fashion cannot be imagined without colors, Few people are born with the gift of discernment and honest ...judgment on colors and their taste, but relying on this talent alone leads to repetition and boredom.The research problem is the following questions:1- What is the possibility of a color management system working in industrial establishments?2- What are the opinions of specialists in analyzing some pictures of landscapes to extract color groups and their degrees?3- What are the opinions of specialists in employing color groups in designs of embroidered and printed clothing and textiles?research aims:1- Creating a color management system in industrial establishments producing clothing.2- Determining the degree of acceptance of specialists to analyze some pictures of landscapes to extract color groups and their degrees.3- Determining the degree of acceptance of specialists in employing color groups in designs of embroidered and printed clothing and textiles.This research follows the descriptive analytical method in addition to the applied study.Results and discussion:1- The color management system in the industrial facilities producing clothes in the first axis obtained a quality factor of 94.00%, which indicates the existence of statistically significant differences between the opinions of the sample members in deducing the color groups resulting from the analysis of some pictures of landscapes. Thus, to prove the validity of the first hypothesis.2- The color management system in the industrial facilities producing clothes in the second axis obtained a quality factor of 96.67%, which indicates the existence of statistically significant differences between the opinions of the sample members in employing color groups in the designs of embroidered and printed clothing and textiles. Thus, to prove the validity of the second hypothesis.3- The color management system in the industrial establishments producing clothing obtained a quality factor of 94.90% in the questionnaire as a whole, which indicates the existence of statistically significant differences between the opinions of the sample members on the possibility of building a color management system in the industrial establishments producing clothing, thus proving the validity of the third hypothesis.
IMPORTANCE: Fading economic opportunity has been hypothesized to be an important factor associated with the US opioid overdose crisis. Automotive assembly plant closures are culturally significant ...events that substantially erode local economic opportunities. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which automotive assembly plant closures were associated with increasing opioid overdose mortality rates among working-age adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A county-level difference-in-differences study was conducted among adults aged 18 to 65 years in 112 manufacturing counties located in 30 commuting zones (primarily in the US South and Midwest) with at least 1 operational automotive assembly plant as of 1999. The study analyzed county-level changes from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2016, in age-adjusted, county-level opioid overdose mortality rates before vs after automotive assembly plant closures in manufacturing counties affected by plant closures compared with changes in manufacturing counties unaffected by plant closures. Data analyses were performed between April 1, 2018, and July 20, 2019. EXPOSURE: Closure of automotive assembly plants in the commuting zone of residence. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the county-level age-adjusted opioid overdose mortality rate. Secondary outcomes included the overall drug overdose mortality rate and prescription vs illicit drug overdose mortality rates. RESULTS: During the study period, 29 manufacturing counties in 10 commuting zones were exposed to an automotive assembly plant closure, while 83 manufacturing counties in 20 commuting zones remained unexposed. Mean (SD) baseline opioid overdose rates per 100 000 were similar in exposed (0.9 1.4) and unexposed (1.0 2.1) counties. Automotive assembly plant closures were associated with statistically significant increases in opioid overdose mortality. Five years after a plant closure, mortality rates had increased by 8.6 opioid overdose deaths per 100 000 individuals (95% CI, 2.6-14.6; P = .006) in exposed counties compared with unexposed counties, an 85% higher increase relative to the mortality rate that would have been expected had exposed counties followed the same outcome trends as unexposed counties. In analyses stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, the largest increases in opioid overdose mortality were observed among non-Hispanic white men aged 18 to 34 years (20.1 deaths per 100 000; 95% CI, 8.8-31.3; P = .001) and aged 35 to 65 years (12.8 deaths per 100 000; 95% CI, 5.7-20.0; P = .001). We observed similar patterns of prescription vs illicit drug overdose mortality. Estimates for opioid overdose mortality in nonmanufacturing counties were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: From 1999 to 2016, automotive assembly plant closures were associated with increases in opioid overdose mortality. These findings highlight the potential importance of eroding economic opportunity as a factor in the US opioid overdose crisis.
Abstract Cell and gene therapies have demonstrated excellent clinical results across a range of indications with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T cell therapies among the first to reach market. ...Although these therapies are currently manufactured using patient-derived cells, therapies using healthy donor cells are in development, potentially offering avenues toward process improvement and patient access. An allogeneic model could significantly reduce aggregate cost of goods (COGs), potentially improving market penetration of these life-saving treatments. Furthermore, the shift toward offshore production may help reduce manufacturing costs. In this article, we examine production costs of an allogeneic CAR-T cell process and the potential differential manufacturing costs between regions. Two offshore locations are compared with regions within the United States. The critical findings of this article identify the COGs challenges facing manufacturing of allogeneic CAR-T immunotherapies, how these may evolve as production is sent offshore and the wider implication this trend could have.
While it has been suggested that a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine might be available as early as 12–18 months from research initiation, industry stakeholders have voiced concern regarding animal model ...development, time to clinical trial start-up and data assessment, adequate manufacturing scale-up, regulatory concerns for vaccines developed using platform technologies, and the provision of sufficient funding to support development and procurement 1. ...flexible manufacturing and regulatory processes coupled with platform technologies would further expedite the availability of new vaccines. ...governments and agencies should prioritize investments in geographically distributed manufacturing, to increase production and therefore access on a global scale. ...the CDC and other public health agencies should assess the feasibility, associated costs, societal acceptability, and implications for public health practice of an SVA-enabled mass vaccination campaign using alternative routes of administration such as oral tablets.
Recent evidence has revealed that cities with pharmaceutical manufacturers have elevated concentrations of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in their receiving water bodies. The purpose of ...this study was to gather information on direct sewer discharges of APIs during their manufacturing and processing from five pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Ontario, Canada. Drug classes and maximum reported concentrations (ng/L) for which APIs were directly discharged included: antidepressants (paroxetine - 3380 and sertraline - 5100); mood stabilizer (carbamazepine - 575,000); antibiotics (penicillin - 14,300); analgesics (acetaminophen - 461,000; codeine - 49,200; ibuprofen - 344,000; naproxen - 253,000 and oxycodone 21,000); cardiovascular drugs (atorvastatin - 893 and metoprolol - 7,333,600) and those drugs used for blood pressure control (amlodipine - 22,900; diltiazem - 1,160,000; furosemide - 1,200,000 and verapamil - 7340). Based on flow and water usage data from the individual facilities, the maximum concentrations for acetaminophen, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, diltiazem and metoprolol correlate to approximately 200, 220, 390, 420 and 14,200 g respectively, of lost product being directly discharged to the sewers daily during active manufacturing. This survey demonstrates that direct point source discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturers represent a key source of pharmaceutical pollution to receiving sewersheds. Onsite recovery of product or treatment at pharmaceutical manufacturing or processing facilities to reduce the sewage loadings to receiving treatment plants, product loss and potential environmental loadings is strongly recommended.
•Direct discharges from pharmaceutical facilities are a key source of pollution to receiving sewersheds.•Elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals are detected in effluents from manufacturers.•Facilities may be discharging several kilograms of lost product directly to the sewers daily.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been released into the environment for decades, yet contributions of air emissions to total human exposure, from inhalation and drinking water ...contamination via deposition, are poorly constrained. The atmospheric transport and fate of a PFAS mixture from a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility in North Carolina were investigated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model applied at high resolution (1 km) and extending ∼150 km from the facility. Twenty-six explicit PFAS compounds, including GenX, were added to CMAQ using current best estimates of air emissions and relevant physicochemical properties. The new model, CMAQ-PFAS, predicts that 5% by mass of total emitted PFAS and 2.5% of total GenX are deposited within ∼150 km of the facility, with the remainder transported out. Modeled air concentrations of total GenX and total PFAS around the facility can reach 24.6 and 8500 ng m–3 but decrease to ∼0.1 and ∼10 ng m–3 at 35 km downwind, respectively. We find that compounds with acid functionality have higher deposition due to enhanced water solubility and pH-driven partitioning to aqueous media. To our knowledge, this is the first modeling study of the fate of a comprehensive, chemically resolved suite of PFAS air emissions from a major manufacturing source.
Concern over persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity has led to international regulation and phase-outs of certain perfluorinated compounds and little is known about their replacement products. ...High resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate the occurrence and identity of replacement fluorinated compounds in surface water and sediment of the Tennessee River near Decatur, Alabama. Analysis of legacy Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) revealed a marked increase in concentrations downstream of manufacturing facilities, with the most abundant compounds being perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as high as 220 ng L–1, 160 ng L–1, and 120 ng L–1, respectively. A series of nine polyfluorinated carboxylic acids was discovered, each differing by CF2CH2. These acids are likely products or byproducts of a manufacturing process that uses 1,1-difluoroethene, which is registered to a manufacturing facility in the area. Two other predominant compounds discovered have structures consistent with perfluorobutanesulfonate and perfluoroheptanoic acid but have a single hydrogen substituted for a fluorine someplace in their structure. A polyfluoroalkyl sulfate with differing mixes of hydrogen and fluorine substitution was also observed. N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoacetic acid (MeFBSAA) was observed at high concentrations and several other perfluorobutane sulfonamido substances were present as well.
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