The subject of nonfinite clauses is often missing, and yet is understood to refer to some linguistic or contextual referent (e.g. 'Bill preferred __ to remain silent' is understood as 'Bill preferred ...that he himself would remain silent'). This dependency is the subject matter of control theory. Extensive linguistic research into control constructions over the past five decades has unearthed a wealth of empirical findings in dozens of languages. Their proper classification and analysis, however, have been a matter of continuing debate within and across different theoretical schools. This comprehensive book pulls together, for the first time, all the important advances on the topic. Among the issues discussed are: the distinction between raising and control, obligatory and nonobligatory control, syntactic interactions with case, finiteness and nominalization, lexical determination of the controller, and phenomena like partial and implicit control. The critical discussions in this work will stimulate students and scholars to further explorations in this fascinating field.
El presente estudio investiga los usos aproximativos de la construcción «estar por + infinitivo» en español peninsular. El significado aproximativo se define a partir de dos compontes fundamentales: ...proximidad y polaridad, identificados tradicionalmente en ciertos adverbios y locuciones como casi o por poco, que denotan cercanía al predicado o evento sobre el que tienen ámbito, al tiempo que niegan su realización. Nuestro planteamiento analiza el funcionamiento próximo-polar de la construcción «estar por + infinitivo»: gramaticalmente, se relaciona con las perífrasis de inminencia, pero adquiere un valor aproximativo bajo ciertas restricciones enunciativas.
The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as ...neuroscience and cognitive science. The series considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language.
This book is about Jewish language. The fact that Jews speak and write in distinctive ways is well known. (The journalist Mike Royko called it “Hebonics.”) These forms of expression ...actually draw from many sources and have been employed in popular culture from Henry Roth’s Call It Sleep to the novels of Saul Bellow to contemporary television. What has received less attention is what allowed these modern forms to flow from a rich body of Yiddish literature. This book fills that gap by exploring the language of modern Yiddish literature, addressing emblematically why Jews answer a question with a question. Through a series of case studies, A Rhetorical Conversation explores various distinctive aspects of Yiddish literature to explain the nature and importance of Jewish discourse: the way of speaking, writing, arguing, and thinking developed by Yiddish culture based on prolonged and intimate contact with traditional texts.
Abstract
This study sets out to investigate the insubordinated infinitive in the Bantu language Makhuwa-Enahara (P31, northern Mozambique), which is used with feeling predicates that have passive ...experiencers. The expression of bodily feelings and emotions in Makhuwa serves as a foundation, highlighting the unique formal and interpretational properties of the insubordinated infinitive within the domain of feelings.
Dodecylamine (DDA) is a commonly used collector in the froth flotation of quartz particles. The present work for the first time studies the effect of DDA nanobubbles (NBs) on the flotation of coarse ...particles (−425 + 300 μm, −300 + 212 μm and − 212 + 106 μm). For this purpose, 50 mg/l DDA was employed as a primary material for producing bulk NBs via hydrodynamic cavitation technique to be used in the flotation kinetics tests. For comparative purposes, pine oil (PO), Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (MIBC) and polypropylene glycol (A65) with a concentration of 22.4 mg/l were utilized for generating NBs and also as a frother. According to the results, generated NBs categorized based on the stability and mean bubble size as DDA > PO > MIBC>A65. The flotation rate constants (k) and ultimate recoveries (Rmax) obtained in the presence of the DDA-NBs were substantially improved compared to the corresponding values given for the frother types NBs. That was mainly related to the chemical functionality of the agent together with its extended stability. The experimental results showed a Rmax of 97.5% using the DDA-NBs in the condition of without any frother; however, the highest recovery using common air bubbles (CBs) was obtained 90.8% by the PO. Additionally, the influential order of the three frothers and the DDA on flotation rate constant was shown as DDA > PO > MIBC>A65 for each fraction size. Finally, the results indicated that the k and Rmax of coarse particles were improved by 22% and 21% in the presence of the DDA-NBs.
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•Flotation of coarse-sized quartz was examined with and without NBs.•DDA, A65, MIBC and PO were employed to generate NBs by hydrodynamic cavitation.•Stability and d32 of the NBs followed as DDA > PO > MIBC>A65 and A65 < MIBC<PO < DDA.•DDA-NBs improved flotation rate constant the most in every fraction size.•Rmax of coarse particles was enhanced ca. 21% in the presence of the DDA-NBs.
American Norwegian (AmNo), a moribund heritage variety of Norwegian spoken predominantly in the Upper Midwest of the US, licenses wh-infinitives (i.e. indirect questions), which are structures that ...are not acceptable in either standard Norwegian Bokmål or Norwegian dialects. Adopting a spanning-account of syntax (Blix, 2021; Julien, 2021; Svenonius, 2016), we propose that wh-elements in AmNo can encode covert modality (similar to what is found in English indirect questions). We discuss these results and their impact on our understanding of the nature of syntactic change and the interaction of spanning in combination with Aʹ-movement in heritage language syntax.
In this paper we study a case of diachronic and diaphasic variation consisting in a subordination strategy for expressing immediate succession present in the cultivated narrative language of ...Classical Spanish. This strategy is based on verbal doubling (V-doubling), a pattern also found in some contemporary Atlantic creole languages. We analyze the elements that constitute this type of sequences and examine the similarities and differences between the constructions of Classical Spanish and those of the Creoles. We also compare the constructions of Classical Spanish with similar structures without V-doubling, present in all periods of Spanish, in order to detail the link of V-doubling with focalization of the end of the first event. The strategy analyzed was a transitory way to cover the absence of subordinators expressing immediate succession in an unambiguous way during the chronological period in which it existed.
The phenomenon of phrasal nominalization, as exemplified by the English gerund, raises a challenge for the assumption that a phrase XP is headed by a word of category X. Many proposals have been made ...to deal with phrasal nominalization, in both multistratal and monostratal frameworks. Some seek to fit it in the endocentric mold; others are plainly exocentric. Comparative evaluations tend to be made along partisan lines (multistratal vs. monostratal) or on the basis of methodological principles (discarding vs. allowing exocentricity). This article aims for a less aprioristic approach, taking generalizability as a criterion for evaluation. More specifically, it investigates three types of phrasal nominalization as they manifest themselves in Dutch, that is, the nominalization of infinitives, adjectives, and participles, providing first a theory-neutral description of the data and then an analysis I call 'factorial' in the sense that it captures both what the three types have in common and what differentiates them. It is cast in the framework of constructional head-driven phrase structure grammar, since the latter's hierarchy of phrase types provides a natural starting point for a factorial analysis. The resulting treatment is exocentric. In a final step I compare it to a number of endocentric alternatives, showing that it scores higher on the scale of generalizability.
Sardinian has several types of make-construction: the analytic causative constructions corresponding to French faire-inf (FI) and faire-par (FP); subject control constructions similar to the ...colloquial idiomatic use of the pronominal Italian verb farcela ‘be able to, to manage’ (a kind of dynamic ability); and particular impersonal constructions that express the deontic modality of possibility. Furthermore, there are several lexicalized expressions that involve make, similar to Italian far vedere ‘to show’ (lit. ‘to make see’). The impersonal construction, which I call the “impersonal causative”, is of particular interest in this paper: It always selects an infinitive (not inflected, which would be possible at least in some varieties of Sardinian), introduced by a; apparently, it shows transparency effects, but it must nevertheless be interpreted as a biclausal structure; it is, in principle, only possible with the third person of the verb make; with regard to its interpretation it encodes modal possibility and is thus more related to (less strong causative) LET than to strong causative MAKE; and it shows up in two different types, at least in some varieties, with or without number agreement (the latter also with an overt subject in a personal infinitive), which has interesting consequences for the interpretation of the argument structure of MAKE.
