The paper explores the idea that causality-based probability judgments are determined by two competing drives: one towards veridicality and one towards effort reduction. Participants were taught ...the causal structure of novel categories and asked to make predictive and diagnostic probability judgments about the features of category exemplars. We found that participants violated the predictions of a normative causal Bayesian network model because they ignored relevant variables (Experiments 1-3) and because they failed to integrate over hidden variables (Experiment 2). When the task was made easier by stating whether alternative causes were present or absent as opposed to uncertain, judgments approximated the normative predictions (Experiment 3). We conclude that augmenting the popular causal Bayes net computational framework with cognitive shortcuts that reduce processing demands can provide a more complete account of causal inference. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Terrestrial environmental systems are characterised by numerous feedback links between their different compartments. However, scientific research is organized into disciplines that focus on processes ...within the respective compartments rather than on interdisciplinary links. Major feedback mechanisms between compartments might therefore have been systematically overlooked so far. Without identifying these gaps, initiatives on future comprehensive environmental monitoring schemes and experimental platforms might fail. We performed a comprehensive overview of feedbacks between compartments currently represented in environmental sciences and explores to what degree missing links have already been acknowledged in the literature. We focused on process models as they can be regarded as repositories of scientific knowledge that compile findings of numerous single studies. In total, 118 simulation models from 23 model types were analysed. Missing processes linking different environmental compartments were identified based on a meta-review of 346 published reviews, model intercomparison studies, and model descriptions. Eight disciplines of environmental sciences were considered and 396 linking processes were identified and ascribed to the physical, chemical or biological domain. There were significant differences between model types and scientific disciplines regarding implemented interdisciplinary links. The most wide-spread interdisciplinary links were between physical processes in meteorology, hydrology and soil science that drive or set the boundary conditions for other processes (e.g., ecological processes). In contrast, most chemical and biological processes were restricted to links within the same compartment. Integration of multiple environmental compartments and interdisciplinary knowledge was scarce in most model types. There was a strong bias of suggested future research foci and model extensions towards reinforcing existing interdisciplinary knowledge rather than to open up new interdisciplinary pathways. No clear pattern across disciplines exists with respect to suggested future research efforts. There is no evidence that environmental research would clearly converge towards more integrated approaches or towards an overarching environmental systems theory.
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•We performed a survey of dynamic interdisciplinary links in environmental models.•We identified claimed missing interdisciplinary links through a literature review.•We found a strong bias towards physical processes.•Claimed research foci point to existing rather than new interdisciplinary pathways.•Environmental research does not seem to converge towards more integrated approaches.
The paper highlights the social orientation of the economy’s functioning related to enterprise personnel management. Suggested analysis testifies to the fact that based on the interdisciplinary ...orientation of the research related to the social sphere of the economy, the process of the functioning of any economic system envisages the permanent interrelation and effects of such three entities as man, enterprise and society. It has been substantiated that the interrelation between the above specified social and economic entities makes it possible to formulate the aim and outline the theses concerning the interdisciplinary approach to determining the importance of personnel management in the socially-oriented economy system. It has been revealed that in the case of the sector of “man-enterprise” model the most characteristic interdisciplinary link in personnel management is a personnel planning which possesses such inherent traits as the personnel disposition, the distribution of duties among employees and their motivation, as well as the strategic forecasting of the career development. The author shows that in the socially-oriented model of the economy of personnel management such as HR-management, human development and personal development aim to reveal the man’s needs and interests that appear in the process of labour during the change in the professional activities and further training. Besides, the above directions prove inevitable when looking for the compromise agreement between the employer and the employee. The research conducted proves that the interrelations’ conceptual principles between the social and economic entities and the cooperation results make it possible to determine the essence of the interdisciplinary approach to personnel management. This essence lies in determining and assessing man’s social criterion and his qualitative characteristics – humanism, trust, and team spirit. The qualitative characteristics outlined in the theoretical research and are related to personnel management make it possible to form up the socially-oriented economy for the society and the political system. Simultaneously, they are of great value for the individual, the enterprise, and society, since they help make the country’s political and economic systems socially-oriented when a man is not considered of minor importance after profit, money, and capital.
Особенно актуальным вопросом на сегодняшний день является обучение специалистов технических областей как наиболее приоритетных в современной системе высшего образования. Ведется постоянная работа по ...повышению качества образовательного процесса, и предметы гуманитарного цикла играют особую роль в этой работе. Ключевое место занимает иностранный язык, необходимый для плодотворной реализации инженерной деятельности, сопровождающейся огромным количеством документации на английском языке. Все чаще возникает дилемма, каким образом построить процесс обучения в техническом вузе, чтобы обеспечить комплексное усвоение и применение академического и профессионального материала в практической деятельности студентов. Помощником, позволяющим обеспечить такую подготовку, является интегративный подход в обучении. Главной идеей данного подхода выступает развитие у студентов умений работать автономно, находить, оценивать, анализировать и классифицировать полученную информацию на родном и иностранном языке, используя знания из разных предметных областей. Изучены и проанализированы основные характеристики интегративного подхода в обучении иностранному языку студентов технического вуза для того, чтобы обеспечить качественное объединение содержания предметов профессиональной направленности и иностранного языка в единое целое. Материалами исследования послужили работы многих отечественных авторов, изучающих интегративный подход в обучении. В исследовании используются научные методы (теоретический, эмпирический и метод статистического анализа), обеспечивающие сбор, анализ, обработку и интерпретацию данных с целью описания основных характеристик, присущих интегративному подходу в техническом вузе. В ходе анализа литературы выводится определение интегративного подхода со всеми свойственными ему характеристиками, актуальными в техническом вузе. Результатами исследования выступили данные, полученные в процессе проведения научно-образовательных мероприятий, направленных на интеграцию иностранного языка и профильных технических дисциплин, проводимых в Томском политехническом университете. Описываются положительные эффекты, наблюдаемые студентами в ходе участия. В заключении подчеркивается важность интегративного подхода для актуализации междисциплинарных связей при изучении иностранного языка в техническом вузе.
The article aims to study the issues of university teachers and students from the faculties of physical education and sport to improve the educational process based on the principles of network ...planning. The article presents the results of the sociological questioning of the subjects of the educational process of physical education and sport faculties about the problems in the organization and planning of effective learning, as well as appropriate optimizing recommendations. A subject correlation matrix has been developed in the furtherance of this goal, in which each subject has a specific line and column. The analysis of the subjects’ matrix allows one to pre-determine the order of study of individual subjects in courses and cycles, their relationship and interframe sequence. Within the framework of the experiment, the authors of the article have surveyed 52 university teachers and 450 physical education students. The survey included questions relating to personal opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of the new curriculum and relevant programmes in 16 major subjects. Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 17.0 software package. The recommended concentrated arrangement of the leading subjects of the biomedical cycle will allow one to create an interdisciplinary programme giving a complete vision of the structure, functions and biochemical processes occurring in various human body systems.
The main results of scientific sessions at the Sixth Interdisciplinary Scientific Forum with international participation “New Materials and Advanced Technologies” were presented; the sections ...included: “Nanomaterials and nanotechnology”; “Inorganic functional materials”; “Construction materials”; “Biomaterials and technologies”; “Materials and technologies for green chemistry”; “New materials and technologies in oil and gas industry (gas, oil, energetics).” More than 700 scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, France, and Czech Republic took part online in the forum, which gave rise to both national and international contacts. Two hundred and twenty six oral reports were presented at the forum, and lectures by famous scientists were organized. Scientific sessions and round tables with participation of representatives of foundations, industries, and scientific journals were held; the foresight sections were devoted to problems of the development of new materials and their commercialization and coverage. The topics included in the program of the forum gathered members of various interdisciplinary research groups concerned with the creation of materials and their use in various sectors of economy, and also the representatives of industrial enterprises interested in the latest developments. The high level of scientific training demonstrated by Russian and foreign scientists at the forum and wide discussion of their original and significant results is an important basis for further development of materials sciences, introduction of advanced technologies, and successful implementation of important priority programs for the development of science and technology.
Popularization of Ecological Chemistry is the aim of scientific-popular articles, which are published in the online journal for teachers. With the articles of this type Ecological Chemistry is linked ...with literature and history. Due to this linkage articles, this module turns into an easily comprehensible one and it becomes fun. In all articles there is also included very useful and interesting information pertaining to Ecological Chemistry. It must be underlined the titles of such articles, because they should not only show the common meaning of article, but they should also attract readers.
The utmost interest is generated by the historical papers, where chemical issues are connected with history. The period of alchemy is more popular and that’s why the alchemical stories are described in the articles.
The outcome of the pedagogical experiment has made it clear, that such a method of teaching of Ecological Chemistry with scientific popular articles affects positively on school students motivation and changes their attitude towards the environmental pollution.
CHIMIA ECOLOGICĂ ÎN ARTICOLELE ȘTIINȚIFICO-POPULAREPopularizarea Chimiei ecologice este scopul articolelor științifico-populare, care sunt publicate în reviste online pentru profesori. Prin intermediul articolelor de acest tip, Chimia ecologică este legată de literatură și istorie. Datorită respectivelor publicaţii, acest modul este ușor de înțeles și el devine distractiv. Toate articolele conțin informații foarte utile și interesante referitoarela Chimiaecologică. Trebuie de subliniat importanţa titlurilor acestor articole, deoarece ele ar trebui nu doar să redea succint înțelesul articolului, dar şi să atragă cititorul.Un interes deosebit trezesc documentele istorice, în cazul în care problemele chimiei sunt legate de istorie. Perioada alchimiei este mai populară, de aceea şi sunt descrise în articole poveștile alchimice.Rezultatul experimentului pedagogic denotă că o astfel de metodă de predare a Chimiei ecologice utilizând articole științifico-populare influențează pozitiv motivația elevilor și schimbă atitudinea lor față de poluarea mediului.
The researchers of different fields are faced with extensive problems because of the complications of today’s world; therefore, making interdisciplinary links with other fields seems inevitable. In ...this regard, it seems that information science and knowledge are not needless of the findings of other disciplines because of their nature, aims, services and functions, and they are trying to drive the benefit of such links through establishing proper links with closer fields like communication. To this aim, the present research tries to introduce the media system dependency theory as one of the prominent theories in the field of communication, and also explains its potentials, and suggests its application in the theoretical framework of researches in information science and knowledge. It seems that using this theory in the studies of fields such as information seeking and searching, collection development, notices and service dissemination, information recovery, and also the field of promoting reading can open a new horizon to researchers in those fields, and therefore, help such studies to be scientifically fruitful.
Interaction mining is about discovering and extracting insightful information from digital conversations, namely those human-human information exchanges mediated by digital network technology. We ...present in this article a computational model of natural arguments and its implementation for the automatic argumentative analysis of digital conversations, which allows us to produce relevant information to build interaction business analytics applications overcoming the limitations of standard text mining and information retrieval technology. Applications include advanced visualisations and abstractive summaries.
The article touches on the peculiarities of future finance and economics specialists’ training in educational establishments of Western Europe and Ukraine. The problem of higher economic education ...has been considered. The experience of higher economic education organization in developed European countries has been generalized. The peculiarities of finance students’ training at foreign and Ukrainian universities have been defined. The approaches to learning and implementing of interdisciplinary links into the teaching practice of European higher educational establishments have been studied, as well as participation and influence of non-government organizations and foundations on the development of economic education in Western European countries. The authors have concluded that it is necessary to create a Ukrainian model of future finance and economics specialists’ training taking into consideration national and economic conditions of the state functioning as well as developed countries experience.
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