Küreselleşme ile ülkeler arasındaki mal, hizmet ve sermaye dolaşımı serbestleşmiş ve dünya ekonomileri birbirleri ile daha entegre hale gelmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra her geçen gün artan teknolojik ...gelişme ülkeleri birbirlerine daha da yakınlaştırmaktadır. İşgücü piyasası, içinde bulunduğu global sistemden gittikçe daha da etkilenir bir duruma gelmiştir. Bu dönüşüm bütünsel bir niteliktedir. Global sistemde bulunan ülkelerin işgücü piyasaları bu küresel etkileşim ve değişimden bazen fayda sağlarken bazen de zarara uğramaktadır. Böylelikle artan küreselleşme ve rekabet ortamı dünya ülkelerini emek açısından dibe doğru bir yarış içine sürüklemiştir. İşgücü standartlarının aşağı doğru indirilmesi anlamına gelen “dibe doğru yarış” olgusu yabancı literatürde “race to the bottom” olarak geçmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı işgücü piyasalarındaki dönüşüm sürecini işgücü standartlarındaki dibe doğru yarış kapsamında incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışma, “dibe doğru yarış" şeklindeki temel ekonomik soruna odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde küresel sistem ve işgücü standartlarına yer verilmiş, ikinci bölümde dibe doğru yarış kavramı açıklanmıştır. Son bölümde ise, işgücü standartları ile uluslararası ticaret ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Küreselleşen sistem içerisinde teknolojik ilerleme ve artan rekabet baskısı, gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sermayenin global ölçekte kuvvet kazanmasına yol açarken az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde işgücü unsurunun kazandığı haklardan tavizler vermesine neden olmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dibe Doğru Yarış, Uluslararası İşgücü Standartları, İşgücü Piyasaları, Küreselleşme
JEL Sınıflandırması: F13, F16, F53
With globalization, the circulation of goods, services and capital between countries has been liberalized and world economies have become more integrated with each other. In addition, the ever-increasing technological development brings countries closer to each other. The labor market has become more and more affected by the global system it is in. This transformation is of a holistic nature. While the labor markets of the countries in the global system sometimes benefit from this global interaction and change, sometimes they suffer losses. Thus, the increasing globalization and competitive environment has dragged the countries of the world into a race towards the bottom in terms of labor. The phenomenon of "race to the bottom", which means lowering the labor force standards, is referred to as "race to the bottom" in the foreign literature The main purpose of the study is to examine the transformation process in the labor market within the scope of the race to the bottom in labor standards. For this purpose, the study focuses on the basic economic problem of “race to the bottom”. In the first part of the study, global system and labor standards are included, in the second part the concept of race to the bottom is explained. In the last part, the relationship between labor standards and international trade is discussed. Technological progress and increasing competitive pressure in the globalizing system caused the capital in developed countries to gain strength on a global scale, while causing the labor force in underdeveloped and developing countries to make concessions from their rights.
Key Words: Race to the Bottom, International Labour Standards, Labor Markets, Globalization
JEL Classification: F13, F16, F53
The paper considers the place of international labour standards in the key ESG instruments adopted at the level of the UN: UN Global Compact, Guiding principles on business and Human Rights and the ...Principles of responsible investment. In the first part, the focus will be made on the definition of ESG and its content, the second part is dedicated to analysing the texts of the instruments and the relevant guidelines on the point of their reference to international labour standards. This part substantiates the absence of clear incorporation of the international labour standards (other than fundamental ones) in the UN ESG instruments. Also, it argues that both business and the UN ESG agenda lack the understanding of the related to labour human rights in line with the UN Human Rights covenants.
Maternity and parental benefits legislation impacts on one of the most important pillars in society as it plays a role in family life, the rights of women, and gender equality. It will be beneficial ...to any country to benchmark its own legislation in this regard against international standards and norms, as one cannot just assume that national legislation is in line with international standards.
South Africa is part of the international community, and if South Africa wants to take its seat and play a role in international bodies such as the United Nations (UN) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), it is important that South Africa as country adhere to international standards and ILO Conventions.
Ülkelerin büyümesi ve gelişmesinde uluslararası çalışma standartlarının ve bu kapsamda belirlenen çalışma saati uygulamalarının önemli bir etken olduğu görülmektedir. Yaşanan teknolojik ...değişiklikler, küreselleşme, işlerin yeniden yapılandırılması, işgücü çeşitliliğinin artması gibi sebeplerle, çalışma sürelerine ilişkin standartlarda da birtakım değişiklikler yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada seçili ülkelerdeki çalışma hayatının düzenlenmesinde etkili olan mevzuat ve çalışma saati uygulamaları ele alınmış ve Türkiye ile kıyaslanmıştır. Çalışma sürelerinin sınırlandırılması ve alınan birtakım yasal önlemlere rağmen, sanayileşmiş olan ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki fiili çalışma saatlerinde önemli farklılıklar olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak, çalışma süresi uygulamalarına eleştiriler getirilmiş ve Türkiye için önerilere yer verilmiştir.
The role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the governance of global supply chains is typically neglected or simply dismissed as ineffective. This is understandable as global supply ...chains have undermined the traditional nation state (horizontal) paradigm of global labour governance, most notably the international Conventions agreed by the tripartite constituents (governments, employers and workers’ representatives) of the ILO. But this simply poses the question of whether, and if so how, the ILO can reframe the system of global labour governance to include the (vertical) global supply chains that all too often fail to deliver ‘decent work for all’. Based on an extended ethnographic study, we demonstrate how policy entrepreneurs (international civil servants) within the ILO can play a pivotal role in not only reframing the discourse in a way that resonates with the ‘lived experiences’ of constituents but also ‘orchestrate’ the social partners in order to secure majority support for a process that might ultimately lead to a new standard (Convention) for decent work in global supply chains. A new approach to employment relationships in global supply chains is ‘in the making’, with the potential to improve working conditions and rights at work for millions across the globe.
Abstract
This Centenary Issue presents a selection of the articles on labour law that were published in the
International Labour Review
(ILR) during its first 100 years. The articles were chosen for ...their contribution to two tracks of debate and discourse. The first concerns a progression of ideas over time with respect to the scope and substance of labour law in general. The second charts the evolution of international labour law more specifically. This introduction provides a narrative weaving together the landmarks that were selected in each of these tracks and pointing out recurring themes, questions and challenges as well as changing points of view.
This article deals with employees' right to freedom of association and their protection against victimisation when exercising this right in the workplace. First it explains the concepts of "freedom ...of association" and "victimisation". It then considers the protection of employees against victimisation for exercising the right to freedom of association internationally and domestically, however, only in the employment context. It considers the protection of the right to freedom of association in South Africa in terms of the Constitution and its regulation under various sections of the LRA. It also looks at limitations on the right to freedom of association and the remedies available to employees who experience victimisation because of exercising this right. It further considers the regulation of the right to freedom of association in the UK. It argues that although this right is well protected internationally and domestically, employees still experience victimisation as a result of exercising it. It further argues that the protection of this right and its exercise by employees is necessary to bring a balance to an uneven relationship between employers and employees in the workplace. It concludes that trade unions together with employers have a responsibility to ensure that employees exercise their constitutional right to freedom of association with no fear of victimisation.
How and when do intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) promote incorporation of international norms in domestic politics? In this article, I assess the impact of the International Labour Organization ...(ILO) on national labour regulations. I advance a new argument regarding how and when labour regulations are shaped by the ILO. More specifically, I argue that the ILO can shape labour regulations during the preparatory process of international labour standards. I theorize that the preparatory period of international labour conventions constitutes a propitious condition for mechanisms of elite socialisation, learning and domestic mobilisation. To test our argument, we focus on national dismissal regulations covering the period 1970-2013. The findings provide evidence in line with my argument that states improve their regulations during the adoption process. However, I find no evidence that states improve their regulations after formal adoption. The results have substantive implications for our understanding of IGOs and labor standards in particular.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article examines the personal scope of the international labour standards of the ILO. It argues that they do not set out a universal definition of the terms “employee” or “employment ...relationship”. Instead, when the standards use such terms, their scope should be determined on a case‐by‐case basis and by referring to the travaux préparatoires and the opinions of the ILO supervisory bodies. This article closely analyses both the application of ILO fundamental Conventions by the supervisory bodies and the most recent ILO debates concerning the personal scope of international labour standards.
Abstract
The article focuses on the critical moment when the idea of equality entered international law. The article argues that a political claim to equality of all human beings surfaced at the ...international level already in the 1920s and 1930s, long before human rights were discussed at the United Nations. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), established in 1919, provided the venue for delegates from non-European countries or territories—most of them confronting some form of colonialism—to raise their voices against the exploitation of labour in India, China and other places under the domination of colonial powers. The delegates’ idea of equality was present in arguments attacking racial hierarchies and in arguments criticizing unequal treatment in ‘native labour’ relations. The universalistic idea of the equal worth of all human beings and the idea of equal treatment was advanced to de-legitimize narrow concepts of equality based on race.
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