The emergence of a new international knowledge management (KM) standard reflects convergence in KM practice. The aim of this study is to theorise KM from the new standard, by addressing the following ...research questions: what are the important themes of the standard; and what are the key mechanisms and how do they explain KM practice system from a theoretical perspective? This paper adopts a sensegiving reflective insider account using practice theory as a lens and social mechanisms as a method in theorising KM practice system. This study makes three contributions. Firstly, the paper identifies four themes from the KM standard: context-driven, performance-led, enabler-savvy and sustainably-supported. Secondly, three mechanisms emerge that robustly ‘explains’ KM practice system: learning and knowledge creation culture; organizational knowledge architecture for adaptive and exaptive capacity; and ‘business model’ for knowledge capitalisation and value capture. Thirdly, a new theoretical framework of KM practice system is developed.
Since the publication of the IMPaCCT project in 2007, much effort has been made to develop new approaches to pediatric palliative care (PPC). Fifteen years later, it is time to redefine the standards ...in PPC.
An international group of experts in PPC has revised the standards in PPC through the GO-PPaCS project (Global Overview – PPC Standards). The goal was to update the PPC standards considering the specificity of different settings, resources, and emerging challenges. The present document is intended to reach all people directly or indirectly involved in PPC.
A literature review in MEDLINE was conducted to expand on the fundamental points and current standards on PPC and to cover an international setting. The literature search (updated on the 15th of April 2021) was carried out using different combinations of keywords and focusing on papers published in English over the past 5 years (2016–2020), but older articles were considered when relevant. The consensus on the fundamental points, standards of care and paper contents was reached by open discussion.
Fundamental points were defined regarding the definition of PPC, eligibility criteria and the magnitude of the need for PPC, while standards were redefined for the following six areas: 1) clinical, developmental, psychological, social, ethical and spiritual needs; 2) end-of-life care; 3) care models and settings of care; 4) PPC in humanitarian emergencies; 5) care tools; and 6) education and training for healthcare providers.
The present document, developed with the contribution of an international group of experts from different countries, experiences and models of care, provides fundamental points and standards for a wider implementation of PPC worldwide.
Abstract
This paper is aimed at a comparison of Ukrainian and international resource classification systems’ fundamental features. As a result, the most common and different features were outlined. ...The importance of accounting for the social and environmental viability of projects is determined. This study highlights the significance of the harmonization of domestic classification with international standards.
The circular economy emerged as an alternative model to the linear system, which now appears to be reaching its physical limitations. To transition to a circular economy, companies must not only be ...aware of but also engage in more sustainable practices. For such a transition, companies must rethink and innovate their business models and the ways they propose value to their clients while simultaneously considering environmental and social facets. This systematic literature review sought to map out from the company perspective the key topics interrelated with innovation and the circular economy, describing the internal and external factors to consider in such transition processes. Key lines of research were identified, and suggestions for future research and for facilitating movement toward a circular economy are provided. This work contributes to deepening the literature by identifying the priority areas concerning the circular economy and encouraging future research that meets international standards of excellence.
In April, 2020, in a joint effort, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), and WHO provided vaccine developers ...and the entire scientific community with a research reagent for an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Initiatives have been launched for the harmonisation of immune response assessment across COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including the CEPI Global Centralised Laboratory Network.3 CEPI centralised laboratories will achieve harmonisation of the results from different vaccine clinical trials with the use of common standard operating procedures and the same crucial reagents, including a working standard calibrated to the international standard. ...the results from clinical trials expressed in IU would allow for the comparison of the immune responses after natural infection and induced by various vaccine candidates.
Chaolin Huang and colleagues provide comprehensive findings for the first 41 laboratory-confirmed cases. 27 of these 41 cases had direct exposure to the Wuhan seafood market that is thought to be the ...initial site of infection from an animal source. The severity of illness is concerning: almost a third of patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intensive care; six patients died; five had acute cardiac injury; and four required ventilation. By most accounts, Chinese authorities are meeting international standards and isolating suspected cases and contacts, developing diagnostic and treatment procedures, and implementing public education campaigns.
•Key architecture configurations for EV charging stations.•Converter configurations as the key components in the EV charging station architecture.•SAE and IEC standards as critical standards for the ...EV charging stations.•Recent patents registered on the recent high power density convertors, devices as part of the EV charging stations in the near future.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly becoming an important facet in the drive for attaining sustainable energy goals. However, EV sales still constitute only a small proportion of vehicles in most countries. The expansion of DC fast-charging network will facilitate a sustainable transportation revolution by offering end-user a versatile choice to charge EVs for longer journeys. Power converters play a significant role in the design and operation of EV charging stations. Modern technologies in charging stations are promising, where state-of-the-art research allows idle batteries or EVs to operate as distributed energy sources. However, it is always important to ensure input current harmonics and power factors are within the standard specification. Solid-state switch-mode power converters have reached a level of maturity with regards to the improvement in power quality and precisely regulating voltage levels during bidirectional power flow operation. This paper presents an exposition of EV charging systems, including incentives for development, structures, power converters, standards, industrial applications, and emerging trends. Furthermore, state-of-the-art technologies, including both academic and real-world EV charging technologies, have been carefully chosen, and a quantitative assessment of the technologies has been provided in this paper.
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Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the ...12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available.
To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data.
This edition of the tables lists over 4000 items, a 61% increase in the number of entries compared to the 2008 edition. The data have been separated into 2 lists. The first represents more precise values derived using the methodology recommended by the International Standards Organization (∼2100 items). The second list contains values determined using less robust methods, including using limited numbers of healthy subjects or with a large SEM (∼1900 food items).
Dairy products, legumes, pasta, and fruits were usually low-GI foods (≤55 on the 100-point glucose scale) and had consistent values around the world. Cereals and cereal products, however, including whole-grain or whole-meal versions, showed wide variation in GI values, presumably arising from variations in manufacturing methods. Breads, breakfast cereals, rice, savory snack products, and regional foods were available in high-, medium-, and low-GI versions. Most varieties of potato were high-GI foods, but specific low-GI varieties have now been identified.
The availability of new data on the GIs of foods will facilitate wider research and application of the twin concepts of GI and GL. Although the 2021 edition of the tables improves the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice, GI testing of regional foods remains a priority. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as #171204.
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This article studies the impact of changes in the accounting of property of organizations in connection with the new regulations in the field of accounting, and the convergence of Russian accounting ...with international standards. These changes are considered on the example of accounting for tools and inventory in a construction contractor. The conclusion is made about the significant impact on the financial statements of the limit for accepting fixed assets for accounting established in the Accounting Policy, and the need to justify the choice of such a limit by the accountant.
We aimed to identify a five-fraction schedule of adjuvant radiotherapy (radiation therapy) delivered in 1 week that is non-inferior in terms of local cancer control and is as safe as an international ...standard 15-fraction regimen after primary surgery for early breast cancer. Here, we present 5-year results of the FAST-Forward trial.
FAST-Forward is a multicentre, phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial done at 97 hospitals (47 radiotherapy centres and 50 referring hospitals) in the UK. Patients aged at least 18 years with invasive carcinoma of the breast (pT1–3, pN0–1, M0) after breast conservation surgery or mastectomy were eligible. We randomly allocated patients to either 40 Gy in 15 fractions (over 3 weeks), 27 Gy in five fractions (over 1 week), or 26 Gy in five fractions (over 1 week) to the whole breast or chest wall. Allocation was not masked because of the nature of the intervention. The primary endpoint was ipsilateral breast tumour relapse; assuming a 2% 5-year incidence for 40 Gy, non-inferiority was predefined as ≤1·6% excess for five-fraction schedules (critical hazard ratio HR of 1·81). Normal tissue effects were assessed by clinicians, patients, and from photographs. This trial is registered at isrctn.com, ISRCTN19906132.
Between Nov 24, 2011, and June 19, 2014, we recruited and obtained consent from 4096 patients from 97 UK centres, of whom 1361 were assigned to the 40 Gy schedule, 1367 to the 27 Gy schedule, and 1368 to the 26 Gy schedule. At a median follow-up of 71·5 months (IQR 71·3 to 71·7), the primary endpoint event occurred in 79 patients (31 in the 40 Gy group, 27 in the 27 Gy group, and 21 in the 26 Gy group); HRs versus 40 Gy in 15 fractions were 0·86 (95% CI 0·51 to 1·44) for 27 Gy in five fractions and 0·67 (0·38 to 1·16) for 26 Gy in five fractions. 5-year incidence of ipsilateral breast tumour relapse after 40 Gy was 2·1% (1·4 to 3·1); estimated absolute differences versus 40 Gy in 15 fractions were −0·3% (−1·0 to 0·9) for 27 Gy in five fractions (probability of incorrectly accepting an inferior five-fraction schedule: p=0·0022 vs 40 Gy in 15 fractions) and −0·7% (−1·3 to 0·3) for 26 Gy in five fractions (p=0·00019 vs 40 Gy in 15 fractions). At 5 years, any moderate or marked clinician-assessed normal tissue effects in the breast or chest wall was reported for 98 of 986 (9·9%) 40 Gy patients, 155 (15·4%) of 1005 27 Gy patients, and 121 of 1020 (11·9%) 26 Gy patients. Across all clinician assessments from 1–5 years, odds ratios versus 40 Gy in 15 fractions were 1·55 (95% CI 1·32 to 1·83, p<0·0001) for 27 Gy in five fractions and 1·12 (0·94 to 1·34, p=0·20) for 26 Gy in five fractions. Patient and photographic assessments showed higher normal tissue effect risk for 27 Gy versus 40 Gy but not for 26 Gy versus 40 Gy.
26 Gy in five fractions over 1 week is non-inferior to the standard of 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks for local tumour control, and is as safe in terms of normal tissue effects up to 5 years for patients prescribed adjuvant local radiotherapy after primary surgery for early-stage breast cancer.
National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.
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