It has been assumed by an important element of Kantian scholarship that there is a central connection between the categories and the logical forms of judgement (let us call this the ‘Standard View’ ...or SV). Although this suggestion is true in a broad sense, it has prevented interpreters from appreciating one fundamental idea of Kant’s theoretical philosophy: that the employment of pure concepts pertains in an equally fundamental way to the unification of sensory material, or what Kant calls the ‘manifold of sense in intuition’, as Wilfrid Sellars has pointed out in his theory of ‘image- models’. We will call this ‘Kantian Intuitionism’, as opposed to the SV. Not only that, this widely held connection of category to judgement has caused what we may call a ‘propositional’ prejudice in contemporary discussions on conceptualism. Specifically, we can appreciate this misconception within the famous Dreyfus- McDowell debate, and their mutual incapacity to account for the Kantian premise that conceptuality suffuses sensory experience without appealing to propositional structures. Parting from Kant’s ‘Clue’ B104/A79, our contention in this article is that his idea that conceptuality is embedded in both judgmental thought and perception, can be shown to be an appropriate answer to the Standard View, and furthermore, to constitute a starting point to enlarge the comprehension of some doctrines of Kantian theoretical philosophy. Among these, the Transcendental Deduction and the Schematism. In this sense, our reading will show the broad implications of the ‘Clue’, not only for the comprehension of Kant, but also for the clarification of some contemporary philosophical discussions.
Wittgenstein is a unique philosopher. He criticizes his own opinion. Philosophers divide his views in two periods that are early and later. The early of Wittgentein’s view set by Tractatus Logico ...Philosophicus and the later set by Philosophical Investigations. Wittgenstein's conceptions of mathematics fall in three periods, that are early, midle and later. The early period Wittgenstein's conception of mathematics set by Tractatus Logico Philosophicus, the midle period set by Philosophical Grammar dan Philosophical Remarks, and the later period set by Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics. The Wittgenstein’s view on mathematics is not belonging to logicism, formalism, or intuitionism. The later Wittgenstein on mathematics is that “Mathematics as a human invention”. He maintains his rejection for infinitely in mathematics.
This book represents the most comprehensive account to date of an important but widely contested approach to ethics--intuitionism, the view that there is a plurality of moral principles, each of ...which we can know directly. Robert Audi casts intuitionism in a form that provides a major alternative to the more familiar ethical perspectives (utilitarian, Kantian, and Aristotelian). He introduces intuitionism in its historical context and clarifies--and improves and defends--W. D. Ross’s influential formulation. Bringing Ross out from under the shadow of G. E. Moore, he puts a reconstructed version of Rossian intuitionism on the map as a full-scale, plausible contemporary theory. A major contribution of the book is its integration of Rossian intuitionism with Kantian ethics; this yields a view with advantages over other intuitionist theories (including Ross’s) and over Kantian ethics taken alone. Audi proceeds to anchor Kantian intuitionism in a pluralistic theory of value, leading to an account of the perennially debated relation between the right and the good. Finally, he sets out the standards of conduct the theory affirms and shows how the theory can help guide concrete moral judgment.
•Uses moral foundation theory to explore the moral foundations of crisis management.•Proactive crisis management is built primarily on the individualizing foundations of Care and Fairness.•Loyalty ...expands the moral circle to include the most vulnerable stakeholders.•Authority nurtures expertise, cognitive diversity, and independent viewpoints.•Sanctity emphasizes the sacredness of learning and critical thinking.
Crises are complex, multi-faceted, and ill-defined systems of highly interconnected problems. Profound ethical issues are among their prime components. Therefore, any attempt to manage them is unprofessional at best if it does not include ethical and moral standards. The link between ethics and crisis management, however, is seriously underdeveloped. We explore a pluralistic framework, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), to take a step toward developing this important link.
According to MFT, nature imbues us with “moral intuitions” which are continually shaped by our lifelong experiences. In particular, MFT has two sets of Foundations. We argue that MFT's Individualizing Moral Foundations emphasize the necessity of treating stakeholders fairly and protecting them from potential and actual harm; whereas its Binding Foundations emphasize the necessity of expanding the organization's moral compass to include a broad set of stakeholders, establishing trust and coalitions with them, and creating a culture within which expertise and diverse opinions are respected, and open-mindedness and critical thinking are highly valued. We discuss how organizations can manage moral intuitions to create an environment in which fast, automatic, habitual yet moral and rational judgments consistent with the moral standards of an organization and society at large, can flourish.
Resumen: El presente trabajo procura analizar la filosofía moral de William David Ross. En primer lugar, se exponen los precedentes de la ética de Ross, centrándose en tres autores contra los que él ...mismo reconoce entrar en discusión: Kant, los utilitaristas y Moore. A ello se dedicará el segundo capítulo. Seguidamente, se explica la propuesta de Ross a través de tres ejes: 1) la teoría del conocimiento moral, en donde aparecerá su conocida teoría intuicionista; 2) la doctrina de la corrección, compuesta por el pluralismo deontológico; 3) y la doctrina del bien, en donde se sitúa su axiología. A todo ello se dedicarán los tres siguientes capítulos, respectivamente. Por último, se aporta la visión crítica de algunos seguidores de Ross y se proponen media docena de conclusiones.
The psychological and philosophical literature exploring the role of social influence in moral judgments suggests that conformity in moral judgments is common and, in many cases, seems to be ...motivated by epistemic rather than purely social concerns. We argue that there is strong reason to suppose that moral conformity leads to unreliable moral judgments, and, insofar as this is true, the prevalence of conformity proves a problem for both humility as a moral virtue and for some views in moral epistemology.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In one of his meetings with members of the Vienna Circle, Wittgenstein discusses Hermann Weyl’s brief conversion to intuitionism and criticizes his arguments against applying the law of the excluded ...middle to generalizations over the natural numbers. Like Weyl, however, Wittgenstein rejects the classical model theoretic conception of generality when it comes to infinite domains. Nonetheless, he disagrees with him about the reasons for doing so. This paper provides an account of Wittgenstein’s criticism of Weyl that is based on his differing understanding of what a general statement over infinite domains consists in. This difference in their conception of generality is argued to be central to the middle Wittgenstein’s overall stance on intuitionism as well. While Weyl (and other intuitionists) reject the law of the excluded middle on grounds of constructivity, Wittgenstein argues that general statements over infinite domains do not express propositions in the first place. The origin of this position as well as its consequences for contemporary debates on generality are further assessed.
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