Among ionic liquids, phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PILs) are quite elegant. These categories of ionic liquids represent some merits over other types of ionic liquids such as imidazolium- and ...pyridinium-based ionic liquids. PILs have more thermal and chemical stability than other reported ILs. These influential characteristics connected with PILs make them as potential structures for varied applications in academic and industrial processes. In recent years, however, PILs become popular because of relatively low cost of their synthesis (the rate of phosphonium salt formation is faster than those of nitrogen-based salts, implying higher productivity and lower cost in industrial manufacturing of PILs) as well as their good thermal stability, beneficial for high-temperature operation. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have numbers of unique applications in electrochemical systems and among them, phosphonium room temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) have been increasing for their considerable advantages such as chemical and thermal stabilities, relatively low viscosities and high conductivities when compared to the corresponding ammonium RTILs. PRTILs are yummy electrolysis solutions because of their wide electrochemical window. Determination of the electrochemical stability of the PRTILs is important for detection and application of these ionic salts as electrolytes in electrochemistry. In order to evaluate electrochemical stability of the phosphonium RTILs, various voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and square wave voltammetry have been used. PRTILs characterized by a wide electrochemical window have been regarded as attractive candidates for lithium-battery electrolytes because of their stability and safety aspects. Contrary to what is seen in conventional organic solvents, superoxide is stable in ionic liquids. PILs are an unprecedented class of electrolytes that can support the electrochemical generation of a stable superoxide ion and can offer many advantages such as low combustibility, ionic conductivity, low volatility and a wide electrochemical window. PILs have been intensively developed as new electrolytic mediator for various electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. There is also a growing interest for their use in separation processes including metal ions extraction, extractive desulfurization, gas adsorption and dissolution or extraction of biologically relevant compounds and materials. In mentioned processes and other applications where PIL is the solvent, of particular interest are physicochemical properties (e.g., viscosity, density, surface tension, solubility, polarity and so on). Moreover, the quantum chemical method is invoked to interpret superior properties of PILs. Experimental works have also satisfied that the PILs fulfill the necessary requirement of being a good inhibitor of metal corrosion in different media because of surface active properties. Owning to special physicochemical properties, the PILs are emerging as possible candidates to improve surfactant-enhanced oil recovery methods. Because they have also shown great importance in a vast number of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, such as lubricants, electrolytes, or solvents/catalysts for organic reactions, ecotoxicity of these ILs was studied for environmental and human health risks assessments. PILs have been used as efficient solvents and/or catalysts for synthesis of various kinds of organic compounds. This review article presents an excellent puzzle that each of its pieces lead to the rational design, synthesis and applications of novel and task-specific PILs as multi-purpose materials.
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Poly(ionic liquid)‐based self‐healable electrolytes are getting tremendous attention owing to their quick self‐healing ability at ambient conditions without external stimulus, prominent safety, high ...mechanical strength, appreciably good conductivity, and no electrolyte leakage. Ionic interactions are much stronger and more dynamic, capable of imparting faster healing ability to the electrolyte. To exploit ionic interactions and non‐covalent hydrogen bonding simultaneously for faster self‐healing at ambient conditions. In the present work, free radical promoted copolymerization of 3‐methyl‐1‐vinylimidazolium iodide and sodium 4‐vinyl benzenesulfonate (VMeImI/SS) with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate and ureidopyrimidinone methacrylate to obtain cationic poly (PEG‐UPy‐Im) and anionic poly (PEG‐UPy‐SS) poly ionic liquid (PIL), respectively, as polymer electrolytes (PEs) have been achieved. The complete structural analysis of the copolymers by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DOSY‐NMR, and GPC was done. The ionic conductivity and self‐healing properties of the synthesized PEs, poly (PEG‐UPy‐Im) and poly (PEG‐UPy‐SS) were investigated, which gave encouraging results. For further enhancement of hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions, poly (PEG‐UPy‐Im) and poly (PEG‐UPy‐SS) were blended in the ratio of 1:1, referred to as poly (Im‐SS), a binary blend, as a self‐healable oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Poly(Im‐SS) exhibited self‐healing behavior in 15 min and 5 min at 25 and 60°C, respectively, without any external stimulus. Poly(Im‐SS) also exhibited exceptionally high ionic conductivity of 2.04 × 10−5 and 11.48 × 10−5 Scm−1 at 30 and 80°C, respectively. This unique approach of blending two oppositely charged PEs to create a binary blend has improved ionic conductivity and self‐healing capabilities. Because a poly‐ionic network forms in poly(Im‐SS) as a binary blend, the physical and chemical properties in terms of mechanical and thermal stability as well as water contact angle point to a synergistic effect of ion–ion, ion–dipole, and quadruple Hbonding. Thus, the designed copolymer electrolytes and their blend, present a new perspective to develop innovative and rapid self‐healable polyelectrolytes with significant ionic conductivity for advanced electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors.
Self‐healable poly(ionic liquids)
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Polymerization of ionic liquids results in the formation of ionic polymers, which are called poly(ionic liquid)s or polymerized ionic liquids (PIL). This is a brand new form of ...ionicity in polymer chains with a broad range of applications, though ionic polymers have a long history with the sub-families of polyelectrolytes and ionomers. Although mobility of ions in ionic liquids has named them as the promising candidates for various applications, their applicability is limited in many practical systems because of not having the advantages of neither liquids nor solids, suffering from both leakage issue and high viscosity. PILs perfectly fit with the practical requirements while having almost all features of ionic liquids. This review summarizes some potential applications of PILs. The architecture of PILs can be easily re-designed by both the polymer backbone and outer ion. Not only by post-polymerization but also by in situ ion-exchange, the chemical and mechanical properties of PILs can be tuned. Owing to the high chemical activity and flexible architecture, PILs are the promising candidates for sensors and actuators, electroactive binders, solid and gel electrolytes, non-blocking matrix of nanocomposites, etc.
Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become ...essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as “Ioliomics”, studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
This review attempts to give a survey on the last most representative developments and progress dealing with ionic liquids from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic ...processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
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•The IL-based advanced porous organic HCPs for CO2 capture and conversion are reviewed.•The structures, synthesis, and physical properties of ILHCPs are collected and ...discussed.•Structures and IL-moieties contents of ILHCPs are highlighted for designing CO2-philic sorbents.•Further investigations on CO2 capture and conversion by ILHCPs are required.
Ionic liquids (ILs) and hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) have attracted many attentions as tunable sorbents and catalysts owing to their unique properties. Their composites, ionic liquid‐based hyper-crosslinked polymers (ILHCPs), with predesignable structures and customizable functionalities, have a promising development since 2015. However, reviews regarding the composites of ILs and HCPs have not been reported, especially based on the viewpoint of ILs. This critical review summarizes the synthetic strategies based on the synthesis of ILs and HCPs, and the types of structures of ILHCPs as well as their future synthesis directions are proposed for the first time. The detail information including physical properties and CO2 capture capacities of these ILHCPs are summarized to obtain the general relationships for further designing the efficient ILHCPs adsorbents. Furthermore, CO2 conversions into value-added chemicals via (1) N-formylation of N-methylaniline and (2) cycloaddition of epoxide are briefly introduced. Moreover, this review briefly highlights the opportunities and challenges faced by rapidly developing but still in the early stage of ILHCPs. It is expected that this article will play a role in “Turning Bricks into Jade” in the fields of advanced functional materials for CO2 capture and conversion.
In this book we have collected a series of state-of-the art papers written by specialists in the field of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) to address key questions concerning the synthesis, properties, ...and applications of ILCs. New compounds exhibiting ionic liquid crystalline phases are presented, both of calamitic as well as discotic type. Their dynamic and structural properties have been investigated with a series of experimental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance, impedance spectroscopy to mention but a few. Moreover, computer simulations using both fully atomistic and highly coarse-grained force fields have been presented, offering an invaluable microscopic view of the structure and dynamics of these fascinating materials.
This paper reviews the primary literature reporting the use of ionic liquids (ILs) in optical sensing technologies. The optical chemical sensors that have been developed with the assistance of ILs ...are classified according to the type of resultant material. Key aspects of applying ILs in such sensors are revealed and discussed. They include using ILs as solvents for the synthesis of sensor matrix materials; additives in polymer matrices; matrix materials; modifiers of the surfaces; and multifunctional sensor components. The operational principles, design, texture, and analytical characteristics of the offered sensors for determining CO2, O2, metal ions, CN−, and various organic compounds are critically discussed. The key advantages and disadvantages of using ILs in optical sensing technologies are defined. Finally, the applicability of the described materials for chemical analysis is evaluated, and possibilities for their further modernization are outlined.
Here, we report the toxic effects of various imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with varying hydrocarbon chain lengths, on different human cell lines. Multiple biological assays have shown that ...the ILs with long hydrocarbon chains have stronger adverse effect especially on human liver cancer cells (Huh-7.5 cells). Further, our study has confirmed that the ILs induce necrosis dependent cell death and that it is related to cell membrane damage. To understand the molecular mechanism of such an effect, the cellular membranes were mimicked as lipid monolayers formed at the air-water interface and then as lipid bilayer vesicles. The pressure area-isotherms measured from the monolayer have shown that the interaction of ILs with the lipid layer is energetically favourable. The addition of these ILs reduces the in-plane elasticity of the self-assembled molecular layer. Quasielastic neutron scattering data clearly indicate that ILs in liver lipid vesicles significantly affects the dynamics of the lipid, in particular, the lateral motion of the lipids. It has been concluded that the mammalian cell death induced by these ILs is due to the modulated structure and altered physical properties of the cellular membrane.
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•Imidazolium-based ionic liquids related toxicity to human cells•Perturbed morphology of cancer liver cell due to ionic liquids•Membrane elasticity altered by ionic liquids•Faster in-plane diffusion of lipids in presence of ionic liquids•Molecular mechanism of toxicity of ionic liquids to human cells
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