Among ionic liquids, phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PILs) are quite elegant. These categories of ionic liquids represent some merits over other types of ionic liquids such as imidazolium- and ...pyridinium-based ionic liquids. PILs have more thermal and chemical stability than other reported ILs. These influential characteristics connected with PILs make them as potential structures for varied applications in academic and industrial processes. In recent years, however, PILs become popular because of relatively low cost of their synthesis (the rate of phosphonium salt formation is faster than those of nitrogen-based salts, implying higher productivity and lower cost in industrial manufacturing of PILs) as well as their good thermal stability, beneficial for high-temperature operation. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have numbers of unique applications in electrochemical systems and among them, phosphonium room temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) have been increasing for their considerable advantages such as chemical and thermal stabilities, relatively low viscosities and high conductivities when compared to the corresponding ammonium RTILs. PRTILs are yummy electrolysis solutions because of their wide electrochemical window. Determination of the electrochemical stability of the PRTILs is important for detection and application of these ionic salts as electrolytes in electrochemistry. In order to evaluate electrochemical stability of the phosphonium RTILs, various voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and square wave voltammetry have been used. PRTILs characterized by a wide electrochemical window have been regarded as attractive candidates for lithium-battery electrolytes because of their stability and safety aspects. Contrary to what is seen in conventional organic solvents, superoxide is stable in ionic liquids. PILs are an unprecedented class of electrolytes that can support the electrochemical generation of a stable superoxide ion and can offer many advantages such as low combustibility, ionic conductivity, low volatility and a wide electrochemical window. PILs have been intensively developed as new electrolytic mediator for various electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. There is also a growing interest for their use in separation processes including metal ions extraction, extractive desulfurization, gas adsorption and dissolution or extraction of biologically relevant compounds and materials. In mentioned processes and other applications where PIL is the solvent, of particular interest are physicochemical properties (e.g., viscosity, density, surface tension, solubility, polarity and so on). Moreover, the quantum chemical method is invoked to interpret superior properties of PILs. Experimental works have also satisfied that the PILs fulfill the necessary requirement of being a good inhibitor of metal corrosion in different media because of surface active properties. Owning to special physicochemical properties, the PILs are emerging as possible candidates to improve surfactant-enhanced oil recovery methods. Because they have also shown great importance in a vast number of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, such as lubricants, electrolytes, or solvents/catalysts for organic reactions, ecotoxicity of these ILs was studied for environmental and human health risks assessments. PILs have been used as efficient solvents and/or catalysts for synthesis of various kinds of organic compounds. This review article presents an excellent puzzle that each of its pieces lead to the rational design, synthesis and applications of novel and task-specific PILs as multi-purpose materials.
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Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become ...essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as “Ioliomics”, studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
This review attempts to give a survey on the last most representative developments and progress dealing with ionic liquids from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic ...processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
In this book we have collected a series of state-of-the art papers written by specialists in the field of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) to address key questions concerning the synthesis, properties, ...and applications of ILCs. New compounds exhibiting ionic liquid crystalline phases are presented, both of calamitic as well as discotic type. Their dynamic and structural properties have been investigated with a series of experimental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance, impedance spectroscopy to mention but a few. Moreover, computer simulations using both fully atomistic and highly coarse-grained force fields have been presented, offering an invaluable microscopic view of the structure and dynamics of these fascinating materials.
This paper reviews the primary literature reporting the use of ionic liquids (ILs) in optical sensing technologies. The optical chemical sensors that have been developed with the assistance of ILs ...are classified according to the type of resultant material. Key aspects of applying ILs in such sensors are revealed and discussed. They include using ILs as solvents for the synthesis of sensor matrix materials; additives in polymer matrices; matrix materials; modifiers of the surfaces; and multifunctional sensor components. The operational principles, design, texture, and analytical characteristics of the offered sensors for determining CO2, O2, metal ions, CN−, and various organic compounds are critically discussed. The key advantages and disadvantages of using ILs in optical sensing technologies are defined. Finally, the applicability of the described materials for chemical analysis is evaluated, and possibilities for their further modernization are outlined.
Here, we report the toxic effects of various imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with varying hydrocarbon chain lengths, on different human cell lines. Multiple biological assays have shown that ...the ILs with long hydrocarbon chains have stronger adverse effect especially on human liver cancer cells (Huh-7.5 cells). Further, our study has confirmed that the ILs induce necrosis dependent cell death and that it is related to cell membrane damage. To understand the molecular mechanism of such an effect, the cellular membranes were mimicked as lipid monolayers formed at the air-water interface and then as lipid bilayer vesicles. The pressure area-isotherms measured from the monolayer have shown that the interaction of ILs with the lipid layer is energetically favourable. The addition of these ILs reduces the in-plane elasticity of the self-assembled molecular layer. Quasielastic neutron scattering data clearly indicate that ILs in liver lipid vesicles significantly affects the dynamics of the lipid, in particular, the lateral motion of the lipids. It has been concluded that the mammalian cell death induced by these ILs is due to the modulated structure and altered physical properties of the cellular membrane.
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•Imidazolium-based ionic liquids related toxicity to human cells•Perturbed morphology of cancer liver cell due to ionic liquids•Membrane elasticity altered by ionic liquids•Faster in-plane diffusion of lipids in presence of ionic liquids•Molecular mechanism of toxicity of ionic liquids to human cells
Over the past two decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have had a wide range and cutting-edge impact, generating promising science and technologies and have also expanded exponentially in terms of their ...publications. They have been utilized for both academic and industrial applications. They are potential candidates for solving some of the major issues society is currently faced with by emerging as a clean, efficient, and eco-friendly alternative resource of volatile organic solvents along with many more significant benefits due to their unique thermal, physical, chemical and biological properties. Furthermore, these properties could be modified depending on their application by altering the combination of cations and anions. However, their synthesis and purification require standard synthesis methods to certify their consistent reproducibility. The yields from ILs at large scales for the industrial applications along with their synthesis, toxicity and environmentally friendly nature have become the main concerns. The aim of this review is to investigate the current literature that describes the cutting-edge-knowledge regarding the synthesis of various classes of homogeneous (task specific-ILs, chiral-ILs, switchable polarity solvent ILs, bio-ILs, poly-ILs, energetic-ILs and many more) and heterogeneous (supported-ILs) ILs. Fundamental aspects of ILs such as the green aspects, environmental impacts and purity of ILs are also discussed. The potential applications of ILs in electro-chemistry, solvent, engineering, catalysis, biological aid, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry and many more are briefly explained. In addition, the explanations based on purifications and recovery of ILs by using single or combined methods along with their physico-chemical properties were also reviewed. Moreover, the comprehensive study summarizes the latest progress on assorted classes of ILs along with discussing their prospective applications in the first half. The synthesis of homo/heterogeneous ILs is thoroughly elaborated in the second half. Finally, the future prospective medical applications of ILs are also mentioned.
Strcutural classifications, synthesis and potential applications based on the cutting-edge-knowledge of ionic liquds have explored. Display omitted
•Synthesis of task specific, chiral, bio-ionic, energetic, etc. ILs are reviewed.•Fundamental aspects of ILs in way of green, environmental and purity are discussed.•Analytical, biological-aid, catalysis, etc. remarkable applications of ILs are reported.•Purification and recovery of ILs by using single or combined methods are discussed.•Future aspects of ILs as drugs synthesis and solubility are described.
This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of various types of ionic liquids (ILs) for the catalytic conversion of CO2. The highlight of this paper is a detailed summary of ...future improvements and directions for the development of ILs.
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The conversion of CO2 into fuels or valuable chemical feedstock can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Ionic liquids (ILs) can be applied as designable catalyst for the catalytic chemical conversion of CO2, which can react with different substrates to produce valuable chemicals. This review emphasizes the properties of ILs and the research progress of catalytic conversion of CO2 into organic carbonates, including the reaction mechanism and the advantages and limitations of various ILs. Modification strategies to enhance the catalytic conversion efficiency of CO2 are highlighted. Functional groups can be introduced to the anions and cations of ILs to form functionalized ILs, and then multiple active sites are constructed to increase the alkalinity of ILs through synergistic action. However, the phase state of homogeneous ILs limits the continuous conversion of CO2. Later, new types of supported ILs have been explored for the catalysis of CO2, mainly with inorganic or organic carriers. Polymerized ionic liquids can be more stable through chemical bonding and improve the stability of the catalytic system. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of industrial large-scale application of ILs in the future are pointed out.
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