In the 1980s, a research team led by Parisian scientists identified several unique DNA sequences, or haplotypes, linked to sickle cell anemia in African populations. After casual observations of how ...patients managed this painful blood disorder, the researchers in question postulated that the Senegalese type was less severe. The Enculturated Gene traces how this genetic discourse has blotted from view the roles that Senegalese patients and doctors have played in making sickle cell "mild" in a social setting where public health priorities and economic austerity programs have forced people to improvise informal strategies of care.
Les femmes, les filles, les minorités et diversités de genre du monde entier continuent à subir des violations de leurs droits humains, et ce tout au long de leur vie. En dépit d’objectifs ambitieux ...que se sont fixés les États pour parvenir à l’égalité de genre, leur réalisation n’a à ce jour jamais été réellement prioritaire. Les progrès réalisés au cours des dernières décennies l’ont essentiellement été grâce aux mouvements féministes, aux militant·es et aux penseur·ses. Aujourd’hui, la nouvelle génération de féministes innove et donne l’espoir de faire bouger les lignes par son inclusivité et la convergence des luttes qu’elle prône. Cet ouvrage intergénérationnel propose un aperçu pédagogique à la thématique de l’égalité de genre, des luttes féministes et des droits des femmes, dans une perspective historique, pluridisciplinaire et transnationale. Ses objectifs sont multiples : informer et sensibiliser, puisque l’égalité n’est pas acquise et que les retours en arrière sont possibles ; et mobiliser, en faisant comprendre que l’égalité est l’affaire de tous et toutes.
Male-dominated law and legal knowledge essentially characterized the whole of pre-modern history in that the patriarchy represented the axis of social relations in both the private and public ...spheres. Indeed, modern and even contemporary law still have embedded elements of patriarchal heritage, even in the secular modern legal systems of Western developed countries, either within the content of legislation or in terms of its implementation and interpretation. This is true to a greater or lesser extent across legal systems, although the secular modern legal systems of the Western developed countries have made great advances in terms of gender equality. The traditional understanding of law has always been self-evidently dominated by men, but modern law and its understanding have also been more or less “malestreamed.” Therefore, it has become necessary to overcome the given “maskulinity” of legal thought. In contemporary legal and political orders, gender mainstreaming of law has been of the utmost importance for overcoming deeply and persistently embedded power relations and gender-based, unequal social relations. At the same time and equally importantly, the gender mainstreaming of legal education – to which this book aims to contribute – can help to gradually eliminate this male dominance and accompanying power relations from legal education and higher education as a whole. This open access textbook provides an overview of gender issues in all areas of law, including sociological, historical and methodological issues. Written for students and teachers around the globe, it is intended to provide both a general overview and in-depth knowledge in the individual areas of law. Relevant court decisions and case studies are supplied throughout the book.
The legal and ethical issues that confront society due to Artificial Intelligence (AI) include privacy and surveillance, bias or discrimination, and potentially the philosophical challenge is the ...role of human judgment. Concerns about newer digital technologies becoming a new source of inaccuracy and data breaches have arisen as a result of its use. Mistakes in the procedure or protocol in the field of healthcare can have devastating consequences for the patient who is the victim of the error. Because patients come into contact with physicians at moments in their lives when they are most vulnerable, it is crucial to remember this. Currently, there are no well-defined regulations in place to address the legal and ethical issues that may arise due to the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare settings. This review attempts to address these pertinent issues highlighting the need for algorithmic transparency, privacy, and protection of all the beneficiaries involved and cybersecurity of associated vulnerabilities.
In this rigorous and necessary book, Kristien Hens brings together bioethics and the philosophy of biology to argue that it is ethically necessary for scientific research to include a place for the ...philosopher. As well as ethical, their role is conceptual: they can improve the quality and coherence of scientific research by ensuring that particular concepts are used consistently and thoughtfully across interdisciplinary projects. Hens argues that chance and uncertainty play a central part in bioethics, but that these qualities can be in tension with the attempt to establish a given theory as scientific knowledge: in describing organisms and practices, in a sense we create the world. Hens contends that this is necessarily an ethical activity. Examining genetic research, biomedical ethics, autism research and the concept of risk, Hens illustrates that there is no ‘universal’ or ‘neutral’ state of scientific and clinical knowledge, and that attending to the situatedness of individual experience is essential to understand the world around us, to know its (and our) limitations, and to forge an ethical future. Chance Encounters is aimed at a broad audience of researchers in bioethics, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, as well as biomedical and environmental scientists. It will also be relevant to policymakers, and the artwork by Christina Stadlbauer and Bartaku will be of interest to artists and writers working at the intersection of art and science.
A Europa é o Cacém Togni, Paula; Pedroso de Lima, Antónia; Piscitelli, Adriana
02/2022
Book
Odprti dostop
Abordando o tema das formas de articulação entre cuidado, amor e transações monetárias, a etnografia de Paula Togni partilha o espírito crítico desses trabalhos e vai além deles, apresentando ...contribuições particulares e antecipando formulações teóricas realizadas após a sua finalização. Integrando os contextos emissores e de receção da migração transnacional num único marco, a autora questiona uma série de pares de oposições frequentemente presentes nos estudos sobre migração, família-indivíduo, centro-periferia, liberdade-responsabilidade e, sobretudo, jovem-adulto. Levando a sério as perceções e experiências dos seus interlocutores, que podiam ser "jovens e adultos ao mesmo tempo", um dos principais méritos deste estudo é a problematização da categoria "juventude". A forma como o faz decorre das suas raras qualidades como etnógrafa. A sua sensibilidade e disponibilidade para compreender os outros foi o que fez com que os jovens brasileiros a residir no Cacém a deixassem entrar nas suas vidas. A Paula viveu com eles, riu com eles, chorou com eles e, nesse processo, eles e as suas famílias entraram também nela e na sua vida. Esta partilha e cumplicidade que estabeleceu com os seus interlocutores, muito visíveis no texto que agora se publica, foram centrais para a densidade empírica da sua pesquisa e sobre a qual a Paula soube construir uma reflexão analítica original, crítica e inovadora, que discute com a bibliografia publicada sobre os temas em discussão e vai para lá das propostas iniciais desses mesmos autores.
Mothering Performance is a combination of scholarly essays and creative responses which focus on maternal performance and its applications from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives. This ...collection extends the concept and action of ‘performance’ and connects it to the idea of ‘mothering’ as activity. Mothering, as a form of doing, is a site of never-ending political and personal production; it is situated in a specific place, and it is undertaken by specific bodies, marked by experience and context. The authors explore the potential of a maternal sensibility to move us towards maternal action that is explicitly political, ethical, and in relation to our others. Presented in three sections, Exchange, Practice, and Solidarity, the book includes international contributions from scholars and artists covering topics including ecology, migration, race, class, history, incarceration, mental health, domestic violence, intergenerational exchange, childcare, and peacebuilding. The collection gathers diverse maternal performance practices and methodologies which address aesthetics, dramaturgy, activism, pregnancy, everyday mothering, and menopause. The book is a great read for artists, maternal health and care professionals, and scholars. Researchers with an interest in feminist performance and motherhood, within the disciplines of performance studies, maternal studies, and women’s studies, and all those who wish to gain a deeper understanding of maternal experience, will find much of interest. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Funded by University of South Wales
Despite reaching a point of acceptance as a research tool across the geographical and social sciences, there remain significant methodological challenges for agent‐based models. These include ...recognizing and simulating emergent phenomena, agent representation, construction of behavioral rules, and calibration and validation. While advances in individual‐level data and computing power have opened up new research avenues, they have also brought with them a new set of challenges. This article reviews some of the challenges that the field has faced, the opportunities available to advance the state‐of‐the‐art, and the outlook for the field over the next decade. We argue that although agent‐based models continue to have enormous promise as a means of developing dynamic spatial simulations, the field needs to fully embrace the potential offered by approaches from machine learning to allow us to fully broaden and deepen our understanding of geographical systems.
Between its founding in 1966 and its formal end in 1980, the Black Panther Party blazed a distinctive trail in American political culture. The Black Panthers are most often remembered for their ...revolutionary rhetoric and militant action. Here Alondra Nelson deftly recovers an indispensable but lesser-known aspect of the organization's broader struggle for social justice: health care. The Black Panther Party's health activism-its network of free health clinics, its campaign to raise awareness about genetic disease, and its challenges to medical discrimination-was an expression of its founding political philosophy and also a recognition that poor blacks were both underserved by mainstream medicine and overexposed to its harms.
Drawing on extensive historical research as well as interviews with former members of the Black Panther Party, Nelson argues that the Party's focus on health care was both practical and ideological. Building on a long tradition of medical self-sufficiency among African Americans, the Panthers' People's Free Medical Clinics administered basic preventive care, tested for lead poisoning and hypertension, and helped with housing, employment, and social services. In 1971, the party launched a campaign to address sickle-cell anemia. In addition to establishing screening programs and educational outreach efforts, it exposed the racial biases of the medical system that had largely ignored sickle-cell anemia, a disease that predominantly affected people of African descent.
The Black Panther Party's understanding of health as a basic human right and its engagement with the social implications of genetics anticipated current debates about the politics of health and race. That legacy-and that struggle-continues today in the commitment of health activists and the fight for universal health care.
Che cos’è davvero la cancel culture? Quali sono le origini di quest’espressione, ormai diffusissima, e quali le sue caratteristiche? Dove e come è nata, e cosa è successo quando è arrivata in Italia? ...Il volume prova a rispondere a queste domande, illustrando il modo in cui il tema della cancel culture è stato declinato nel dibattito pubblico italiano distinguendo tra pratiche, etichettamento e effetti politici. Attraverso un’analisi di post pubblicati sui social media dai principali quotidiani e attori politici italiani, il volume mostra che la cancel culture è un “epifenomeno”, che esiste nella misura in cui viene narrato, attorno al quale, però, si gioca una partita per il diritto di parola (e di censura). Sebbene, infatti, in Italia la cancel culture sia un prodotto prettamente giornalistico, la sua narrazione, intersecandosi con il preesistente dibattito attorno alla cosiddetta “ideologia gender”, ha determinato inedite alleanze politiche e inattesi effetti di realtà, tra cui l’affossamento del disegno di legge Zan.
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