The purpose of this paper is to show that several rarely discussed features of the legal culture in Central and Eastern Europe distinguish this region from its Western counterpart. First, there is ...the misunderstanding of the classical Continental principle of Iura novit curia, the maxim which tells us that it is the judge who knows the law. While the activity of parties and their close collaboration in discussing issues of law with the judge is an important engine in applying European law in the old EU of 15, the parties are often viewed as passive objects in post-Communist litigation. Second, there is the specific idea of interpretational statements issued by post-Communist supreme courts irrespective of any real-life pending case. My thesis is that both these phenomena have a concrete philosophical and historical underpinning which constitutes one of the deep differences between the conception of law in Europe's East and Europe's West.
The French Law of evidence is at the crossroad between procedural law and civil law.As part of the procedural law, it is governed by general principles set out by the Code de procédure civile, such ...as the contradictory principle, the principle of public hearing or the free disposition principle, which means that the parties define the framework of the proceeding and that the judge cannot base his decision on facts that were not put forward by the parties themselves. It is also the Code de procédure civile that organises the respective roles of the judge and the parties for the taking of evidence: since 1976, it imposes a – rather complex – balance between adversarial and inquisitorial principles.Other general principles were set by case law, e.g. the principle that no one can pre-constitute evidence in his own favour or the principle of fair evidence.On the other hand, more substantive rules are to be found in the Code civil. These rules mix two systems, the system of the preuve morale, applicable in some specific litigation, and the system of the preuve légale, which is clearly dominant in civil litigation. In the first system, evidence is in principle free, which means not only that any mode of proof is admissible, but also that assessment of evidence by the judges is free. In the second one, only determined means of evidence are admissible and their probative force is often set out by law. A majority of evidence rules derive more or less directly from this summa divisio. In fact, the predominance of the preuve légale system has made the French system of evidence rather rigid, in particular regarding the exaggerated importance of written evidence.
The new era of Mexican democracy demands changes on the structures for the composition of authorities. In the scope of electoral justice, it would be advisable to withdraw the second paragraph of ...article 71 of the statutory law of fractions I and II of article 105 of the Mexican Constitution, which forbids to formulate a declaration of validity based on a constitutional precept not expressly stated in the claim brief in which the action of unconstitutionality is alleged against electoral regulations. This favors the constitutional judge s work, the nature of the constitutional justice and, overall, the foremost control of our Constitution. Constitutional challenges and unconstitutionality acts have been useful as a real balance element along the current democratic scheme. In that sense, the review of such legal precept, as it is proposed in this article, would strengthen the inherent supremacy of the Constitution.
Los nuevos tiempos en la democracia mexicana hacen necesario que se produzcan cambios en las estructuras de la forma de integrar los poderes públicos y en el ámbito de impartición de la justicia electoral, en ese ejercicio sería conveniente suprimir el segundo párrafo del artículo 71 de la Ley Reglamentaria de las fracciones I y II del artículo 105 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, que impide formular una declaratoria de invalidez, fundada en un precepto constitucional que no esté expresamente señalado en el escrito por el que se ejercita la acción de inconstitucionalidad en contra de leyes de contenido electoral; favoreciendo con ello, no sólo la labor del juez constitucional, sino también la naturaleza de la justicia constitucional electoral abstracta y sobre todo el control integral y supremo de nuestra Constitución. Las controversias constitucionales y las acciones de inconstitucionalidad han servido como un verdadero factor de equilibrio en el esquema democrático actual, en ese sentido, una revisión al citado precepto legal como la que en el presente artículo se propone, fortalecería el carácter supremo de la Constitución
The national report of civil procedure in Latvia is based on review of the Latvian Civil Procedure Law, court practice, feedback by the Ministry of Justice on cooperation with the EU states as well ...as with third countries in various matters of jurisdiction as well as on legal science.Civil procedure includes all legal principles like disposition, right to be present and to be heard, competition of parties in gaining all necessary evidence and similar concepts to be found in almost every modern civil procedure system.However, there are certain specific features due to which Latvian process stands out. For instance, there is still a system of legal presumptions which apparently is inherited from Roman law, yet still prescribed by the Latvian Civil law (Civil code). Also certain degree of formal attitude remains as a characteristic feature of the Latvian civil procedure.
Primjena trgovačkih običaja Antonija Zubović
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci (1991),
01/2006, Letnik:
27., Številka:
1.
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Još od vremena nastanka lex mercatorie kao posebnog prava trgovaca istaknuta je važnost trgovačkih običaja u odvijanju trgovačkih transakcija. Njihova važnost kao autonomnog izvora trgovačkog prava, ...koja se etablirala kroz povijest, istaknuta je i u suvremenoj hijerarhiji pravnih vrela. U radu se uređuje pitanje primjene trgovačkih običaja u Republici Hrvatskoj, poredbenim pravnim sustavima kao i u okviru međunarodne kupoprodaje robe. Za jasnije shvaćanje njihove primjene potrebno ih je razlikovati od ostalih autonomnih izvora trgovačkoga prava koje se često uključuje u pojam trgovačkih običaja. Ujedno je nužno staviti trgovačke običaje u odnos s dispozitivnim zakonskim normama te odrediti prioritet u primjeni, osobito ukoliko se radi o trgovačkim običajima koji su contra legem. Međutim, za primjenu u praksi najnužnije je odgovoriti na pitanje njihova dokazivanja u sudskom postupku, odnosno primjenu načela iura novit curia kod trgovačkih običaja gdje je potrebno voditi računa i o pravilima parničnog postupka. Donošenjem novog Zakona o obveznim odnosima u Republici Hrvatskoj, čije se odredbe počinju primjenjivati od 1. siječnja 2006. godine, jasnije je uređena primjena trgovačkih običaja, čime su uklonjene nejasnoće koje su proizlazile iz Zakona o obveznim odnosima preuzetog u pozitivno zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske 1991. godine. Valja, međutim, naglasiti da donošenjem novog Zakona o obveznim odnosima nije u potpunosti dovršeno reguliranje trgovačkih običaja, već će biti potrebno de lege ferenda vršiti izmjene i u drugim zakonima od kojih se može istaknuti Zakon o Hrvatskoj gospodarskoj komori.
Primjena trgovačkih običaja Zubović, Antonija
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci,
03/2006, Letnik:
27., Številka:
1.
Paper
Odprti dostop
Još od vremena nastanka lex mercatorie kao posebnog prava trgovaca istaknuta je važnost trgovačkih običaja u odvijanju trgovačkih transakcija. Njihova važnost kao autonomnog izvora trgovačkog prava, ...koja se etablirala kroz povijest, istaknuta je i u suvremenoj hijerarhiji pravnih vrela.
U radu se uređuje pitanje primjene trgovačkih običaja u Republici Hrvatskoj, poredbenim pravnim sustavima kao i u okviru međunarodne kupoprodaje robe. Za jasnije shvaćanje njihove primjene potrebno ih je razlikovati od ostalih autonomnih izvora trgovačkoga prava koje se često uključuje u pojam trgovačkih običaja. Ujedno je nužno staviti trgovačke običaje u odnos s dispozitivnim zakonskim normama te odrediti prioritet u primjeni, osobito ukoliko se radi o trgovačkim običajima koji su contra legem.
Međutim, za primjenu u praksi najnužnije je odgovoriti na pitanje njihova dokazivanja u sudskom postupku, odnosno primjenu načela iura novit curia kod trgovačkih običaja gdje je potrebno voditi računa i o pravilima parničnog postupka.
Donošenjem novog Zakona o obveznim odnosima u Republici Hrvatskoj, čije se odredbe počinju primjenjivati od 1. siječnja 2006. godine, jasnije je uređena primjena trgovačkih običaja, čime su uklonjene nejasnoće koje su proizlazile iz Zakona o obveznim odnosima preuzetog u pozitivno zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske 1991. godine.
Valja, međutim, naglasiti da donošenjem novog Zakona o obveznim odnosima nije u potpunosti dovršeno reguliranje trgovačkih običaja, već će biti potrebno de lege ferenda vršiti izmjene i u drugim zakonima od kojih se može istaknuti Zakon o Hrvatskoj gospodarskoj komori.
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