The purpose of this study was to determine the kinematic factors related to the forward and vertical release velocities in male javelin throwers. The movements of 115 male javelin throwers who ...participated in real competitions were videotaped by two cameras, and the coordinate values were obtained using the three-dimensional motion analysis technique. The time-series changes of the kinematic data were calculated, and the relationship with the release velocity of the javelin in the forward and vertical directions was confirmed by calculating the partial correlation coefficient. The forward velocity of the center of gravity of whole body from the right foot contact to left foot contact was commonly higher for throwers with higher forward and vertical release velocities. The angle of trunk backward lean at the left foot contact was smaller (more upright) for throwers with higher forward release velocity and larger for throwers with higher vertical release velocity. At the release, throwers with higher forward release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the right shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction, and throwers with higher vertical release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the trunk forward lean and the right shoulder horizonal adduction. These results indicates that the movements related to the forward and vertical release velocities in the javelin throw are greatly different.
The purpose of this study was to determine the kinematic factors related to the forward and vertical release velocities in male javelin throwers. The movements of 115 male javelin throwers who ...participated in real competitions were videotaped by two cameras, and the coordinate values were obtained using the three-dimensional motion analysis technique. The time-series changes of the kinematic data were calculated, and the relationship with the release velocity of the javelin in the forward and vertical directions was confirmed by calculating the partial correlation coefficient. The forward velocity of the center of gravity of whole body from the right foot contact to left foot contact was commonly higher for throwers with higher forward and vertical release velocities. The angle of trunk backward lean at the left foot contact was smaller (more upright) for throwers with higher forward release velocity and larger for throwers with higher vertical release velocity. At the release, throwers with higher forward release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the right shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction, and throwers with higher vertical release velocity had a higher angular velocity of the trunk forward lean and the right shoulder horizonal adduction. These results indicates that the movements related to the forward and vertical release velocities in the javelin throw are greatly different.
For systematic athletic training and targeted talent development, it is essential to know the physical fitness and motor competencies of top athletes in detail. However, it can be difficult to ...identify differences in performance requirements and thus to provide adequate support, especially for sports that at first glance appear to have similar demands-such as track and field throwing disciplines. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the physical fitness and motor competence of top athletes from different throwing disciplines and to check whether the athletes' performance parameters match the specific requirements of the respective sport.
The study involved 289 male youth athletes (aged 14-18 years) across four distinct throwing disciplines: shot put (
= 101), hammer throw (
= 16), discus throw (
= 63), and javelin throw (
= 109). The performance evaluation comprised three anthropometric measurements and twelve motor performance prerequisites applicable to the throwing disciplines. Discriminant analysis and neural networks (Multilayer Perceptron) were implemented to determine the possibility of distinguishing among athletes from the four sports.
The study's findings indicate that in male throwing athletes, disparities in general physical fitness and motor proficiency assessments discern the majority of talented young athletes based on their specific sport (discriminant analysis: 68.2%; multilayer perceptron analysis: 72.2%). This remains applicable irrespective of the classification method employed. Discus throwers possessed a height advantage, while shot putters and hammer throwers exhibited superior arm strength. Javelin throwers displayed better explosive strength and sprinting speed. Except for the hammer throwers, all events demonstrated a high level of explosive power in the medicine ball forward or backward throw test, which was especially crucial for shot put and discus athletes.
The significance of physical fitness and motor competence tests in identifying and transferring talented athletes in track and field throwing disciplines has been affirmed. Using linear and non-linear classification methods, most athletes could be assigned to their correct sport. However, this also shows that slightly different training and talent identification is required for each of these sports. Furthermore, non-linear analysis methods can provide useful support for the development processes in junior competitive sports.
Standing out among the other three throwing events, the javelin throw is known to be one of the most spectacular events in the discipline of athletics. It usually takes place in the last two days of ...major world competitions due to its impressive show and thrilling changes that occur during the six attempts. This paper aims to present the theoretical aspects of this event through the research and study of the published literature and scientific work of specialists in this field. As the sports domain is one of a large content this paper is a contribution to a dynamic and expanding literature. Athletics and gymnastics are the sports disciplines that lie at the basis of all sports. The throwing technique of this event is constantly improving due to the specialized equipment and the continuous development of the technologies. In conclusion, the academic literature is expanding and the theoretical aspects are adapted to the discoveries.
Determining body structure in physical culture, sports, but also in sports recreation is one of the ways to check effectiveness of certain training programs and their impact on a percentage of ...subcutaneous fat and fat-free components. This study was conducted on a sample of 49 kayakers and slalom canoeists (aged 19.9 ± 1.7 years), and the aim was to compare validity of methods for estimating percentage of body fat based on the skinfold measurement method in relation to the bioelectrical impedance method for application in diagnostics within a training process of slalom kayakers and slalom canoeists. The percentage of body fat was determined by methods of determining the percentage of body fat according to Siri (1961), Brozek et al. (1963), Jackson, & Pollock, (1985) and the BIA bioelectrical impedance method. After statistical procedures, correlation analysis revealed a high correlation between the methods: anthropometric methods according to Siri and Brozek, both methods with the Jackson Pollock method, while all three methods have a high level of correlation with the BIA method, while the Wilcoxon test showed that the bioelectrical impedance method had statistically significantly higher values than the method of determining the percentage of body fat according to Siri & Brozek (p <0.001), and significantly lower than the method of determining the percentage of body fat according to Jackson Pollock (p = 0.005). The research showed that in the observed sample of respondents, when it comes to one respondent, a group of respondents, respondents within one sport or an uneven sample of non-athletes, if it is not possible to use some of the more sophisticated BIA methods, a satisfactory method could be the skinfold measurement method.
While physical performance decline rates accelerate after around the age of 70 years, longitudinal athletic performance trends in athletes older than 95 years are unknown. We hypothesized a further ...accelerated decline in human performance in athletes who still perform at the age of 100 years. To investigate this, longitudinal data of all athletes with results at or over the age of 100 years were collected from the “World Master Rankings” data base spanning 2006–2019 (138 results from 42 athletes; 5 women, 37 men; maximum 105 years) and compared to previously published longitudinal data from 80- to 96-year-old athletes from Sweden (1,134 results from 374 athletes). Regression statistics were used to compare performance decline rates between disciplines and age groups. On average, the individual decline rate of the centenarian group was 2.53 times as steep (100 m: 8.22x; long jump: 0.82x; shot put: 1.61x; discus throw: 1.04x; javelin throw: 0.98x) as that seen in non-centenarians. The steepest increase in decline was found in the 100-m sprint (
t
-test:
p
< 0.05, no sign. difference in the other disciplines). The pooled regression statistics of the centenarians are: 100 m:
R
= 0.57,
p
= 0.004; long jump:
R
= 0.90,
p
< 0.001; shot put:
R
= 0.65,
p
< 0.001; discus throw:
R
= 0.73,
p
< 0.001; javelin throw:
R
= 0.68,
p
< 0.001. This first longitudinal dataset of performance decline rates of athletes who still compete at 100 years and older in five athletics disciplines shows that there is no performance plateau after the age of 90, but rather a further acceleration of the performance decline.
This study was designed to compare the physical fitness and angular position of the university level javelin throwers. Eight tall height and (n = 08) short height javelin throwers were selected for ...data collection. A handgrip dynamometer, stadiometer, and weight balance were used for the measurements of physical fitness. Two video cameras a Kinovea software was utilized for video analysis of the Javelin throws. The selected variables were stature, body mass, standing broad jump, maximum bench press handgrip strength, the javelin throw distance. The angle of knee joint, elbow joints, and stride length was selected variables while performing the javelin throw. An independent t-test was applied to find mean difference among tall and short height javelin thrower. The result showed the distance of javelin throw, handgrip strength, maximum bench press, vertical jump, and standing broad jump of tall height throwers were significantly higher than short height javelin throwers. On the other hand, the tall height throwers were also significantly higher in extension of right elbow, right knee, and stride length than the short height at the time of the javelin release from hand. It was concluded the longer arms, body mass, and angular kinematics of javelin throwers are associated with the better performance. It is suggested the physical fitness would be include in the selection of javelin throw and angular movement of the right knee and elbow focused on training of javelin thrower.
In the javelin throw training, many throwers improve their throwing technique by throwing from a slower run-up velocity than in competitions. However, whether the acquisition of javelin velocity in ...throwing from a slower run-up velocity is the same as in full run-up throwing is unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the contribution of each movement to the javelin velocity caused by changes in the run-up velocity within an individual. Twelve collegiate male javelin throwers were included in this study. Throwers performed two types of throws: one-cross throwing (Cross) and full run-up throwing (Run). The coordinates of reflective markers attached to the thrower’s body and javelin were recorded using an optical motion capture system. The percentage contribution of each joint movement to the javelin velocity was calculated and compared between Cross and Run. Cross had a lower contribution of trunk forward lean to forward and upward javelin velocities compared to Run. On the other hand, Cross had a higher contribution of trunk counter-clockwise rotation to forward and upward javelin velocities than Run. These results suggest that as the velocity of run-up changes within an individual, the acquisition of javelin velocity also changes.
Pars interarticularis defects leading to spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis especially in young athletes are most commonly seen in lower lumbar vertebrae. Conservative treatment with abstinence ...from the athletic activities, rest, and physiotherapy marks the primary mode of treatment before going to surgical interventions. We report a 26-year-old patient with chronic lower back pain with antecedent history of athletic activities involving javelin throw. Besides an athletic activity, no other history of trauma existed. Radiologic investigations showed skip level pars lysis at L3 and L5 vertebrae. Patient was treated with only conservative methods, abstinence from sports and physiotherapy. Patient had significant improvement in his symptoms. Long-term proper physiotherapy to strengthen the lower back and abdominal muscles is necessary in order to alleviate the symptoms and to regain athletics. To our knowledge there are no reported cases where we find spondylolysis in upper lumbar vertebrae (L3), which is uncommon, along with most common L5 involvement in a young athletic javelin thrower. We have found only isolated L3/L4/L5 or concurrent L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 pars lysis reported in literature. There are no reported cases in literature on skip level spondylolysis in a single individual. Because of the natural history of the disease, conservative methods of management were aptly advocated and positive outcomes were seen in the follow-up.
avelin throw is a complex athletic discipline that requires several years of training to master a throw technique. Since teachers are time-limited, problem accruing in the teaching is how to train ...students to proper javelin throw technique as quickly as possible. Given that it is difficult to master a javelin as prop, research has been conducted to determine efficiency of vortex application as auxiliary prop in javelin throw technique training. The total number of respondents were 30 students of the first year of undergraduate Kinesiology study at University of Mostar in academic year 2016/2017. The initial measurement was made at the beginning of the classes. During the classes general exercises were used as well as vortex application as auxiliary prop in throw technique training. The final measurement and evaluation of javelin throw technique was made by three referees at the end of classes. Statistically significant difference between the initial (31,1m) and final (33,9) measurement was obtained by using the T-test . Results show that students have improved an average score in the final comparing to the initial measurement and based on obtained results it can be concluded that use of vortex has a positive effect on javelin throw training for beginners and it would be beneficial to include the prop in teaching when training students as well as younger children.
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