Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Throughout the world the focus has been put on enterprise restructuring, ownership transformation and contigency planning for crisis ...situations. These processes include also natural monopolies, until recently considered as the unquestioned national assets. As the aim of the dissertation, there had been set the analysis of strategic management problems of transportation capacities in times of crises. Regardless of the crisis nature, there is a need for adequate instruments to protect public interest. This work promotes the introduction of the best international practice and its dissemination to local professional circles. One of the state responses to the crisis is restructuring of transportation capacities of public interest, in modern transportation policy known as critical infrastructures. Protection of public interest within these capacities, being natural monopolies at the same time, has been in focus of interest worldwide, in every sense of word, not only in economic terms. Decision making in crisis and consideration of possible consequences of decisions under high uncertainty represents top theme, thus attracting the attention of both practitioners and theoretical circles. Any systematization and dissemination of knowledge with this subject represent contribution to the academic expertize and field of academic expertize of this thesis. To write thesis in the field of restructuring of critical transportation infrastructure as a tool of crisis management presents a complex, systematic and purposeful process of acquiring scientific knowledge, verified using valid scientific methods. From all the methods of scientific research, thesis has covered researches theoretical and empirical in character, analysis of relevant literature available, deduction, the comparative method and case study method. The complexity of the research subject imposed the selective use of research methods in stages of research. The analysis was used for the detection, evaluation and conclusions on the individual elements and hypotheses. Deductive methods started from the state of the world economy, through the emergence of the modern transportation industry, up to the field of thesis. The method of content analysis was used to systematize the relevant knowledge on the thesis subject, as well as boundary scientific fields, important for drawing conclusions on hypothesis. Using case study approach, the restructuring of the airport as a public monopoly in the transportation has been analyzed. The choice of possible options was carried out during the data collection and analysis, taking into account national and political specificity of Republic of Serbia. The thesis covers critical infrastructures of various levels of importance (international, national, regional), regulation (natural monopoly, commercial infrastructure) or stakeholders (users, government, regulator, operator of infrastructure, public opinion, academic institutions, etc.). The results of the work done can be summarized twofold, as the results of theoretical considerations and practical results of research. In theoretical terms, at the beginning of work there had been set five hypotheses. The hypothesis of the complexity of crisis management in critical transportation infrastructure is confirmed by empirical analysis. For the hypothesis of the inevitability of complete restructuring of transportation infrastructure (including ownership), the analysis of practice showed that restructuring does not necessary include privatization, so that the ownership restructuring of “crown jewels” depends on the strength of a state budget, and the hypothesis is partly confirmed. The hypothesis on the necessity of multicriteria approach is demonstrated through the features of multiple criteria decision making (conflicting criteria, different measuring units and difficult to quantify and standardize), using theoretical analysis. The hypothesis on integration of critical transportation infrastructure protection has been confirmed through the synthesis of findings that the restructuring of public interest companies must contribute to the protection of all business risks i.e. protected values of a society in general (at the same time, they represent aspects of the complexity of the critical transportation infrastructure): ecology, economy, safety, society and security. The usefulness of fuzzy tools for decision making as a hypothesis is also confirmed through the characteristics of fuzzy decision making, which bridges the gap between aggregate and disaggregate data; however, as this approach is still seeking its way into practice, certain amount of reserve is maintained, and it is concluded that this hypothesis is partly confirmed. When it comes to the practical part of the thesis, by analyzing global practice and synthesizing criteria for analysis, there has been proposed methodology for decision making on the optimal business structure of critical transportation infrastructures. There has been evaluated the potential use of fuzzy multicriteria analysis, bearing in mind all the limiting factors, which are a consequence of the modern regulatory solutions in the process of deregulation and liberalization in transportation. There have been analyzed practical challenges of public goods and natural monopolies restructuring process. Suitability of the quantification of protection aspects has been investigated. In coming to proposal of a unique model of decision making in complex, large, interdependent and interrelated systems, in this study there have been used more than one mathematical or conceptual model. The outcome is a two-phase (performance evaluation of alternatives and their ranking) and two-level (consideration of sub-criteria and approximate reasoning) model. This model has not yet been applied in the field of restructuring of transportation monopolies of the utmost importance. The end result of this reasoning is consistent and the fitness of infrastructure in relation to the risks of restructuring is expressed as a numerical index. The proposed model of decision making on restructuring alternatives has been tested on a numerical example for the airport. Delphi technique was used to forecast future trends of the expert that is decision maker, as a combination of his knowledge and experience. Interview method was used to collect the input parameters for a mathematical decision making model. Processing the given results of interviews was conducted by special methods of optimization (fuzzy mathematics). At this point it is necessary to point out some important explanations, resulting from the thesis and its findings. The restructuring of transportation capacities of the public interest is a very complex phenomenon in terms of financial and social responsibilities of a society, but also in line with sustainable development and the importance of taking into consideration all the aspects analyzed in this thesis. That way emerged this overall comprehensive concept. This thesis sets the evaluation mechanism closer to a wider range of potential users, academics and practitioners. The benefit of such reasoning exists for developing countries and for decisions taken by the authorities (politicians) who do not necessarily possess the technical knowledge of systems they decide on, not must they have perfect information about them. Results show objectivity, having in mind numerous and increased application in various spheres of economy and society in global, particularly in the field of strategic management. The study reached the following important conclusions: - global interest in the area of restructuring the critical transportation infrastructure grows, and there is currently a lack of criteria and tools for decision making; - many criteria and variables affect the choice of restructuring model at an airport, and its comprehensive evaluation helps making better decisions; - decision makers in the public sector require a practical and easy tool, even though given criteria involve complex and a variety of diverse parameters; - fuzzy multicriteria decision making process allows decision makers to decide complex and to easily check their assessment through the consistency of results. Presented approach is an “open book” for the further development of commercial and economic activities at national, international and global framework.- Širom sveta aktuelni su procesi restrukturiranja preduzeća, transformacije njihovog vlasništva i planiranja rada u kriznim situacijama. Ovi procesi obuhvataju i prirodne monopole, do skora neprikosnovene u državnoj imovini. Za cilj disertacije postavljena je analiza problematike strateškog upravljanja saobraćajnim infrastrukturama u doba kriza. Bez obzira na prirodu krize, potrebni su adekvatni instrumenti za zaštitu javnog interesa. Ovaj rad promoviše upoznavanje sa najboljom svetskom praksom i njeno širenje u domaće stručne krugove. Jedna od reakcija države na krize jeste restrukturiranje saobraćajnih resursa od javnog interesa, u savremenoj saobraćajnoj politici poznatih pod nazivom kritične infrastrukture. Zaštita javnog interesa kod restrukturiranja ovih resursa, koji su istovremeno i prirodni monopoli, u žiži je interesovanja u svetu, u svakom smislu, ne samo u ekonomskom. Tematika donošenja odluka u krizama i sagledavanje mogućih posledica odluka u uslovima visokog stepena neizvesnosti vrlo je aktuelna i zaokuplja pažnju kako praktičara, tako i teorijskih krugova. Svako sistematizovanje i širenje saznanja na ovu temu predstavlja doprinos razvoju u široj i užoj stručnoj naučnoj oblasti ove disertacije. Izrada disertacije u oblasti restrukturiranja kritičnih saobraćajnih infrastruktura kao alata kriznog menadžmenta predstavlja složen, sistematski i svrsishodan proces sticanja naučnog saznanja, verifikovanog validnom primenom naučnih metoda. Od metoda naučnog istraživanja, pri izradi disertacije koriš
The paper addresses the notion of public interest in spatial planning, particularly the redefinition of public interest within the context of neoliberal urban politics and planning. It tries to ...demonstrate that instruments of neoliberal urban planning change and reduce the role of public interest. As for the societies that have experienced the so called post-socialist societal transformation, the paper presents the argument that there are strong contradictions between the unitaryconcept of public interest embodied in statutary rules and the appearance of new urban actors and urban developers.
Ovaj rad ima svrhu doprinijeti raspravi o potencijalnim opasnostima prava na zaborav za slobodu izražavanja na internetu. S tom su se svrhom koristile mjerodavne odluke nadležnih španjolskih sudova, ...koji su imali prilike razviti bogatu praksu primjene prava na zaborav u kontekstu pretraživača interneta. Nakon isticanja temeljnih mjerila kojima se pravo na zaborav vodilo, štete i javnosti te njezina interesa, u radu se raspravlja o odnosu tih mjerila i slobode izražavanja. Središnje mjerilo jest javnost i njezin interes za informacijom, koji su se u španjolskoj praksi tumačili pozivanjem na pravo na pristup točnoj informaciji. Iako se njime unosi specifična temporalnost slobode izražavanja u tumačenje prava na zaborav, ono u trenutačnom uređenju
ne predstavlja bitnu opasnost slobodi izražavanja. Osim toga, moguću opasnost prava na zaborav općenito neutralizira njegova opravdana ograničenost na specifične internetske pretrage.
This paper strives to form a part of the broader debate on the potential threats which the right to be forgotten may pose to freedom of expression on the internet. To that end, it examines the relevant case law of the Spanish courts, which have had the opportunity to develop a substantial practice in applying the right to be forgotten to search engines. The paper begins by highlighting the main guiding standards of the right to be forgotten, the notion of harm, and the interconnected ideas of the “public” and its interest. This is followed by a discussion on the relationship between these standards and freedom of expression. In this respect, it is posited that the central standard is the “public” and its interest. In Spanish law, the right to receive accurate information has had a dominant impact in providing substance to this standard. Because this is only one aspect of the more general freedom of expression, this right is more likely to favour the processing of data that occurs in a context similar to journalism. By applying it in ‘right to be forgotten’ cases, a particular temporality of freedom of expression is introduced.
Consequently, the processing of personal data that can be justified by providing information in the interest of the collective existence of a political community is more likely to be immune to the right to be forgotten. Nevertheless, it is argued that the right to be forgotten does not pose a threat to freedom of expression. This is particularly so given that its impact is largely neutralised by its restricted field of application, making it effective only in relation to specific internet searches.
Načelo razmjernosti u zaštiti subjektivnih prava zadnjih je godina dosta razrađeno u stručnoj literaturi pa se u radu polazi od pretpostavke kako su pojam načela razmjernosti i temeljni koraci za ...njegovu primjenu (test primjenjivosti, nužnosti i razmjernosti stricto sensu) već dobro poznati. U radu se kroz analizu nekih odluka iz bogate jurisprudencije Suda EU-a u primjeni načela razmjernosti, iznose neka njegova stajališta koja se prema mišljenju autorice čine važnima za domaću upravnosudsku praksu, radi razmatranja mogućnosti primjene načela razmjernosti u hrvatskom upravnom sporu i njegove lakše konkretizacije u praksi.
The article emphasizes the principle of proportionality as a general principle of law. Analysis of some CJEU case law is introduced, regarding interpretative role of the principle of proportionality and its legal basis for annulment of individual and general acts. The distinction between the infringement of margin of appreciation and the principle of proportionality is given. The specificity of the Croatian administrative dispute law regarding the control of legality of the acts issued within margin of appreciation is emphasized. The principle of proportionality role as a legal basis for annulment of general acts in Croatian administrative dispute law is opened for discussion.
Osiguranje i dostupnost javnih službi u konceptu socijalne države 20. stoljeća postaje legitimacijskom činjenicom državne vlasti. Da takvo nadrastanje noćobdijske države i evolucija u socijalnu ...državu nije ireverzibilan proces svjedoči proboj neoliberalnih ideja u mainstream politike krajem sedamdesetih godina. Orijentiranost novog javnog menadžmenta na ekonomske vrijednosti nije prevladana do danas. U kontekstu Europske unije to se ponajbolje očituje u organizaciji službi od općeg (gospodarskog) interesa te podređivanju socijalnog karaktera određenih službi pravilima unutarnjeg tržišta, tek temeljem činjenice postojanja potencijalnog tržišta takvih službi. U suvremenoj stvarnosti zemalja članica Europske unije moguće je govoriti o izraženom socijalnom deficitu. S hrvatskoga je aspekta neosporno kako socijalno osjetljivi i ekonomsko neutralni Ustav ostaje temeljem socijalne državnosti Republike Hrvatske
Ovaj rad bavi se prevencijom i alternativnom rješavanjem sporova (ADR) u poreznim pitanjima, u kontekstu upravnih odnosa. ADR, na temelju sudjelovanja dionika, koristi i poreznim obveznicima i ...poreznom tijelu, jer donosi osobito veću pravnu sigurnost i brzu konačnu zatvaranje postupaka. Istovremeno ADR znači otvorenu prijetnju javnom interesu i jednakosti po međunarodnim upravnim i ustavnim
načelima, zato mora biti ADR u poreznim postupcima ograničeno. Ovo također proizlazi iz akata EU i Vijeća Europe. Osim teorijskih okvira i vrsta ADR na bazi analize znanstvene literature, pravnih izvora i komparativnih uvida u ovom radu bavi se o regulatornom okviru u Sloveniji i praksi Financijske uprave Republike Slovenije (FURS) u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Cilj istraživanja je identifikacija de iure i de
facto stanja na nacionalnoj razini. Analiza pokazuje, da je ADR u poreznim pitanjima znatno intenzivnija u međunarodnim odnosima nego unutar nacionalnih poreznih sustava. S druge strane, pojedine zemlje nastoje uspostaviti osobito regulatorne mehanizme za prevenciju, što bi dovelo do još poželjnijeg izbjegavanja sukoba. U zaključku, istaknuto je, da su za efektivne porezne postupke potrebne integrirane metode prevencije kao i ADR, uzimajući u obzir principe pravednog poreznog sustava i uključenosti svih dionika u njegovo upravljanje.
Razvojem interneta i informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija mediji i novinarstvo doživjeli su revolucionarne promjene, a multimedijski karakter obrade vijesti promijenio je obrasce prikupljanja, ...produkcije, uređivanja i objavljivanja vijesti. Na primjeru uređivačkih politika na društvenoj mreži Facebook deset najčitanijih news portala u Hrvatskoj potvrđuje se da su tradicionalne novinarske vrijednosti, kvalitetno i objektivno novinarstvo pod snažnim pritiskom produktivnosti, učinkovitosti i profitabilnosti te da su online mediji sve ovisniji o društvenim mrežama. News portali obilno se koriste clickbaitingom i ostalim manipulativnim tehnikama kako bi povećali čitanost objava na društvenim mrežama, odnosno povećali viralnost nekih „mekih“ vijesti. Svakodnevnim povećavanjem broja pratitelja preko društvenih mreža news portalima raste utjecaj, s time da je dominacija Facebooka bitno veća i trenutačno nije upitna.
Upravni odnosi uređuju sukobe između javnog i privatnog interesa. Od presudne važnosti za ostvarenje javnog interesa je izvršenje upravnog akta, osobito kada se postupak vodi po službenoj dužnosti, u ...cilju zaštite javnog interesa. Analiziraju se glavne karakteristike izvršenja kao posebnog upravnog postupka u Sloveniji koji se primjenjuje kada stranke dobrovoljno ne ispune svoju obvezu, a postoji potreba za prisilnom provedbom upravnog akta. Teorijski nalazi su poduprijeti novijom upravnom i sudskom praksom na koju se daje kritički osvrt. Bez obzira na opsežne i detaljne odredbe slovenskog Zakona o općem upravnom postupku koje ga uređuju, izvršenje se u praksi smatra vrlo upitnim zbog sukoba interesa do kojih ono dovodi. Rezultati analize služe kao osnova za formuliranje smjernica za buduću provedbu javnih politika – kako osigurati da izvršenje bude efikasnije u čitavoj regiji, tj. u zemljama koje svoje upravne odnose reguliraju slijedeći austrijsko-njemački model.
PULS metodologija nov je pristup koji podrazumijeva da
se kroz aktivnu ulogu civilnog društva unapređuje odgovornost
i efikasnost lokalnih vlasti u pružanju javnih usluga i
zadovoljenju stvarnih ...potreba građana u Bosni i Hercegovini
(BiH). Ta je metodologija primijenjena tokom 2012.
u istraživanju o zadovoljstvu građana javnim uslugama na
području općina Srebrenik, Visoko i Brčko Distrikt. Istraživanje
je obuhvatilo preko 19.000 domaćinstava uz direktno
učešće više od 20 organizacija civilnog društva te dovelo do
spoznaje da građani ni s jednom javnom uslugom, koje su
bile predmet istraživanja, nisu u potpunosti zadovoljni. Cilj
rada je prikazati rezultate istraživanja i komparativnu analizu
javnih usluga u tri analizirane općine, s aspekta unapređenja
tih usluga. Krajnji je cilj primjene PULS metodologije
povećanje odgovornosti i kvaliteta usluga na lokalnoj
razini te detaljan uvid u tok njihova pružanja koji se zasniva
na mehanizmu povratne sprege između prve i posljednje
faze političkog procesa.
Uveljavljeni urbanizem ni prilagojen sodobnim oblikam razvoja, zato je neučinkovit. Podobno kot sodobni razvoj naj tudi sodobni urbanizem teži k oblikam dinamično organiziranih sistemov stanja blizu ...roba kaosa, kjer razvoj usmerja nenehno in nepredvidljivo gibanje. Cilji sodobnega urbanizma so ekonomska učinkovitost, socialna pravičnost in do virov zadržan ter za zdravje ljudi varen razvoj v prostoru. Sodobna (deregulirana) normativna ureditev urejanja prostora določa razvojne cilje in pogoje za njihovo uresničevanje, preostalo prepušča samourejanju.
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