Administering Justice examines the leadership role of chief justices in the American states, including how those duties require chief justices to be part of the broader state political environment. ...Vining and Wilhelm focus extensively on the power of chief justices as public spokespersons, legislative liaisons, and reform leaders. In contrast to much existing research on chief justices in the states, this study weighs their extrajudicial responsibilities rather than intracourt leadership. By assessing the content of State of the Judiciary remarks delivered over a period of sixty years, Vining and Wilhelm are able to analyze the reform agendas advanced by chief justices and determine what factors influence the likelihood of success. These analyses confirm that chief justices engage with state politics in meaningful ways and that reactions to their proposals are influenced by ideological congruence with other political elites and the scope of their requests. Administering Justice also examines the chief justice position as an institution, provides a collective profile of its occupants, and surveys growing diversity among court leaders.
The European Court of Justice is one of the most important actors in the process of European integration. Political science still struggles to understand its significance, with recent scholarship ...emphasizing how closely rulings reflect member states’ preferences. In this book, I argue that the implications of the supremacy and direct effect of the EU law have still been overlooked. As it constitutionalizes an intergovernmental treaty, the European Union has a detailed set of policies inscribed into its constitution that are extensively shaped by the Court’s case law. If rulings have constitutional status, their impact is considerable, even if the Court only occasionally diverts from member states’ preferences. By focusing on the four freedoms of goods, services, persons, and capital, as well as citizenship rights, the book analyses how the Court’s development of case law has ascribed a broad meaning to these freedoms. The constitutional status of this case law constrains policymaking at the European and member-state levels. Different case studies show how major pieces of EU legislation cannot move beyond case law but have to codify its principles. Judicialization is important in the EU. It also directly constrains member-state policies. Court rulings oriented towards individual disputes are difficult to translate into general policies, and into administrative practices. Policy options are thereby withdrawn from majoritarian decision-making. As the Court cannot be overruled, short of a Treaty change, its case law casts a long shadow over policymaking in the European Union and its member states, undermining the legitimacy of this political order.
Joseph Holt, the stern, brilliant, and deeply committed Unionist from Kentucky, spent the first several months of the American Civil War successfully laboring to maintain Kentucky's loyalty to the ...Union and then went on to serve as President Lincoln's judge advocate general. In Lincoln's Forgotten Ally, Elizabeth Leonard offers the first full-scale biography of Holt, who has long been overlooked and misunderstood by historians and students of the war. In his capacity as the administration's chief arbiter and enforcer of military law, Holt strove tenaciously, often against strong resistance, to implement Lincoln's wartime policies, including emancipation. After Lincoln's assassination, Holt accepted responsibility for pursuing and bringing to justice everyone involved in John Wilkes Booth's conspiracy. It was because of this role, in which he is often portrayed as a brutal prosecutor, and because of his hard position toward the South, Leonard contends, that Holt's reputation suffered. Leonard argues, however, that Holt should not be defined by what Southern sympathizers and proponents of the Lost Cause came to think of him. Lincoln's Forgotten Ally seeks to restore Holt, who dedicated both his energy and his influence to ensuring that the Federal victory would bring about lasting positive change for the nation, to his rightful place in American memory.
El artículo 24 de la Constitución Española reconoce en su apartado segundo el derecho al juez ordinario predeterminado por la ley. Sin duda, es compleja la expresión utilizada para designar el ...aludido derecho. Pero el problema principal es que esa alambicada expresión no ha servido para eliminar otras rúbricas tradicionales que incluso han dado lugar a la idea, muy difundida, de que con cada expresión se estaba significando algo diferente. De ese modo, «juez legal», «juez natural», «juez constitucional», «juez ordinario» o «juez ordinario predeterminado por la ley» han sido frecuentes expresiones que cabe localizar tanto en la historia como en el Derecho comparado. Lo realmente curioso es que, prescindiendo de detalles que al final son superfluos, todas esas rúbricas son habitualmente equivalentes en el fondo, pese a que con matices que rompen la unidad científica del concepto. La realidad es que existe un contenido esencial del derecho consistente en la necesidad de prever por ley el órgano jurisdiccional que debe juzgar un asunto concreto a fin de garantizar su independencia, especialmente del poder ejecutivo, conjurando así un problema que sistemáticamente se había producido en el pasado. Esta diversidad terminológica y conceptual, así como la dispersión doctrinal al respecto, obligan a encontrar una expresión única para designar el derecho, que sea sencilla y que no desoriente respecto a su contenido esencial. Se trata, en suma, de materializar correctamente desde la perspectiva terminológica el deseo inmanente a lo largo de la historia de que no se manipulara la competencia judicial para juzgar un asunto.
De acuerdo con lo anterior, se plantea en el presente trabajo el estudio de los antecedentes históricos de cada una de las expresiones a fin de perfilar el contenido que se le ha ido atribuyendo al derecho a lo largo del tiempo, descubriendo que algunos de esos contenidos son en cierta medida casuales o incluso arbitrarios, evocando diferentes realidades conceptuales sin una auténtica voluntad de hacerlo. Tras ese estudio que trata de ser lo más exhaustivo posible sin incurrir en innecesarias reiteraciones, se destaca la relevancia constitucional de la predeterminación legal y sus razones. Con ello se intenta localizar por fin ese mínimo común denominador en los objetivos de cada legislador histórico, simplificando así la tarea señalada de concreción del contenido esencial del derecho. Finalmente se concluye que el término «juez legal» es el más breve, completo y certero para designar el derecho e incluir de la forma menos polémica posible su contenido esencial.
Judges receive limited information on how their sentencing practices contribute to inter-judge sentencing disparities which can undermine equity and the perceptions of legitimacy. We use doubly ...robust, internal benchmarking to measure the effect of each judge on sentencing outcomes relative to a set of cases that are handled by the judge's peers and that are statistically similar on all observable case features. With the benchmarks, we can flag judges with extreme sentencing habits and link those sentencing habits with their discretionary decisions. Judges with the highest propensity in using custodial sentences were 22 percentage points more likely to impose an incarceration sentence and 5 percentage points more likely to use a prison sentence compared to their peers' handling of similar cases. States can adopt this approach to provide feedback throughout a judge's tenure to move judges that contribute most to disparities to have sentencing practices more similar to their peers.
Major General Enoch Crowder served as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from 1911 to 1923. In 1915, Crowder convinced Congress to increase the size of the Judge Advocate General's ...Office—the legal arm of the United States Army—from thirteen uniformed attorneys to more than four hundred. Crowder's recruitment of some of the nation's leading legal scholars, as well as former congressmen and state supreme court judges, helped legitimize President Woodrow Wilson's wartime military and legal policies. As the United States entered World War I in 1917, the army numbered about 120, 000 soldiers. The Judge Advocate General's Office was instrumental in extending the military's reach into the everyday lives of citizens to enable the construction of an army of more than four million soldiers by the end of the war. Under Crowder's leadership, the office was responsible for the creation and administration of the Selective Service Act, under which thousands of men were drafted into military service, as well as enforcement of the Espionage Act and wartime prohibition. In this first published history of the Judge Advocate General's Office between the years of 1914 and 1922, Joshua Kastenberg examines not only courts-martial, but also the development of the laws of war and the changing nature of civil-military relations. The Judge Advocate General's Office influenced the legislative and judicial branches of the government to permit unparalleled assertions of power, such as control over local policing functions and the economy. Judge advocates also altered the nature of laws to recognize a person's diminished mental health as a defense in criminal trials, influenced the assertion of US law overseas, and affected the evolving nature of the law of war. This groundbreaking study will appeal to scholars, students, and general readers of US history, as well as military, legal, and political historians.
This article aims to determine the role of judges in resolving family law cases through mediation in the Religious Courts, where judges have the position as state officials as regulated in Law Number ...43 of 1999 concerning Basic Personnel, can also be a mediator in the judiciary. as regulated in Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures where judges have the responsibility to seek peace at every level of the trial and are also involved in mediation procedures. The research method used in this article uses normative legal research methods. Whereas until now judges still have a very important role in resolving family law cases in the Religious Courts due to the fact that there are still many negotiating processes with mediation assisted by judges, even though on the one hand the number of non-judge mediators is available, although in each region it is not evenly distributed in terms of number and capacity. non-judge mediator.
The idea that restorative justice primarily derives from indigenous communities' beliefs, which have existed for a very long time and have evolved into customary law from generation to generation, ...gave rise to the term restorative justice in Indonesia. According to Article 5 paragraph (1) of the Judicial Power Law, it is the duty of the judge to investigate, adhere to, and comprehend the legal values and sense of justice that exist in society. The author of this study will examine how judges in courts use restorative justice in the process of interpreting local customary law to avoid conflicts with it. And discover what challenges judges in court face in accepting this customary law. The author's research strategy is normative juridical and is based on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal resources. According to research, district court judges can significantly contribute to the realization of restorative justice in the context of customary criminal law by having a thorough understanding of customary law, employing a mediation approach, enforcing restorative sanctions, offering education and counseling; and placing a high priority on reconciliation. The current national criminal justice system can be viewed as failing to represent the interests of victims. The social background of the judge's origin, the judge's educational background, the judge's ethnicity, and the environment at the time of the hearing are all barriers to judges accepting customary law in their decisions.
Funzioni e criteri della pena Iacopo Santinelli
DNA Di Nulla Academia,
05/2023, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Avvertenza La giustizia ha un volto? E quale storia personale esiste dietro chi commette un reato? E, ancora, come la giustizia interviene sulla biografia di un imputato? Come, in caso di perdita ...della libertà personale, la giustizia modifica la fisionomia del condannato? Nella sezione Fisiognomica e biografia sono state accolte le relazioni dei giuristi che nel 2022 hanno partecipato al convegno di Ventotene: non saggi referati, ma contributi importanti per la diffusione della cultura giuridica che introducono riflessioni necessarie sull’applicazione delle misure cautelari (Antinori), sulle funzioni della pena (Santinelli), sulle istanze difensive (Sgroi), sul garantismo processuale (Truppa). Con questa sezione, arricchita da una riflessione su Dante e la responsabilità etica della letteratura di fronte al male (Anselmi), ci auguriamo di contribuire alla comunicazione pubblica della giustizia e, per dirla con Camporesi, del governo del corpo, perché ogni scelta individuale, dal reato al giudizio alla punizione, interessa individui in carne e ossa, siano essi colpevoli o innocenti.
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