Takım tezgahlarının en önemli kısımlarından birisi de, hareket ve güç iletme mekanizmalarıdır. Kademeli veya kademesiz olarak tasarlanabilen bu mekanizmalar ile, takım tezgahlarında optimum işleme ...için gerekli hızlar elde edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, takım tezgahlarına uyarlanabilen ruppert mekanizmasının bilgisayar destekli kinematik tasarımı için Visual BASIC tabanlı bir bilgisayar programı geliştirilmiştir. Bu program ile tasarlanacak ruppert mekanizmasına ait gerekli parametreler girilerek, sistemdeki minimum ve maksimum hızlar arasındaki devir sayılarının geometrik diziye göre dağılımı, mekanizmayı oluşturan dişlilerin diş sayıları, genel ve kısmi iletme oranları ve standart çıkış devir sayıları tolerans sınırları içerisinde belirlenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, uzun ve yorucu bir çalışmayı gerektiren tasarım aşamalarında hız, esneklik ve kolaylık kazandırmaktır.
Optimisation du signal GPS-RTK de l'INRA d'Auzeville Gavaland, André; Poitrenaud, Gérald; Rioufreyt, Florimond
Optimisation du signal GPS-RTK de l'INRA d'Auzeville, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse 3)(2009),
2009
Publication
Optimisation du signal GPS-RTK de l'INRA d'Auzeville Gavaland, André; Poitrenaud, Gérald; Rioufreyt, Florimond
Optimisation du signal GPS-RTK de l'INRA d'Auzeville, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse 3)(2009),
2009
Publication
İki parmaklı bir robot tutucusu tarafından tutulan paralel yüzlü bir parçanın kararlılığı ve hareketi araştırılmıştır. Gerçek tutucu-parça sistemi, tek serbestlik dereceli mekanizmalar şeklinde ...modellenerek parçayı temsil eden uzuv üzerine dış kuvvet etki ettirilmiş, bu durumda cismin davranışları bilgisayar benzetimiyle incelenmiştir. Kinematik parametrelerin tutma kararlılığına olan etkileri göz önüne alınarak, cismin dış kuvvet etkisindeki kayma hareketinin niteliği elde edilmiştir.
The stability and behaviour of parallel-sided workpieces held by a two-fingered robot gripper were investigated. The behaviour of the workpiece under an external force was studied by computer simulation through modelling the actual gripper-workpiece system as a mechanism with a single degree of freedom. The characteristics of the possible slip motion of the workpiece were also investigated, taking into consideration the effects of kinematic parameters on grasping stability.
Eklemli kaya kütleleri içerisinde yapılan şev duraylılığı araştırmalarının en önemli aşamalarından birisini stereografik projeksiyon tekniklerini kullanarak gerçekleştirilen kinematik analizler ...oluşturur. Klasik yöntemler kullanılarak kaya şevlerinin olası yenilmelerinin incelenmesinde, eklem yönelimlerinin en yoğun olduğu konumun yanı sıra şev geometrisi ve zayıflık düzleminin sürtünme açısı parametre olarak kullanılır. Bu durumda merkezde yoğunlaşmayan ancak şevin duraysizliğini kontrol edebilecek diğer konumlar gözardı edilir. Bu çalışmada Ankara ve ,civarında yüzeylenen eklemli andezit kütlesi içerisinde gelişebilecek olası kama türü yenilmelerin analizi hem klasik kinematik analiz hem de olasılıklı kinematik analiz yöntemleriyle araştırılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar kullanılarak risk haritaları üretilmiş ve bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.
The evaluation of potential rock slope failures using stereographic projection techniques known as kinematic analysis is one of the most important parts of a slope stability investigation to be carried out in in jointed rock media. In conventional stereoprojection techniques for the assessment of possible rock slope failures, the peak orientations of joints together with the slope geometry and the friction angle of the weakness planes are used. Other possible joint orientations which may be encountered in the rock media are ignored. In the present study, possible wedge failures which can develop in jointed andesites cropped out Ankara and its vicinity were investi-gated using both conventional and probabilistic kinematic analysis methods, and risk maps were produced using the results obtained from kinematic analysis and a comparison was made between the results. According to the results obtained from this study, probabilistic risk map are more realistic than the map using conventional kinematic analysis, because, all the actual wedge type slope failures developed in the study area are located on the risk zones of the probabilistic risk map. When three peak orientations of the discontinuities are used for the preparation of the risk map, 20% of the study shows wedge type failure risk. However, this value goes up to 73% when the probabilistic kinematic analysis is applied. In conclusion, each possible discontinuity orientation must be taken into consideration in a kinematic analysis research program. This phenomenon is important for the selection and planning of settlement regions particularly, because, a failure can cause important hazards and loss of life. Besides, the procedure described in the present study is very simple.
Bu makalede, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu'nun orta kesimi ile batı kesiminde (Marmara'nın doğusuna kadar) egemen olan gerilme tensörünün durumu, fay toplulukları ve deprem odak çözüm mekanizmaları ...kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Kinematik analiz, bölgede egemen olan tektonik rejimin transpresiften transtensife dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Sağ yanal doğrultu alımlı olan her iki rejim için elde edilen en büyük yatay gerilme $\sigma hmax (\sigma_1)$ ve en küçük yatay gerilme $\sigma hmax (\sigma_3)$ doğrultulan aynıdır ve KB-GD ve KD-GB. Ancak hesaplanan ortalama gerilme oranı R farklıdır. Transpresif rejim için Rort= 0.75 ve transtensif rejim için Rort= 0.24 tür. Bu değişim Erken-Orta Pleyistosen'de gerçekleşmiştir. Deprem odak çözümlerinin ters çözüm işlemi, KB-GD (N126°E) doğrultulu 0, ve KD-GB (N217°E) doğrultulu $\sigma_3$ eksenleri, ile R= 0.40 değerini vermektedir. Hesaplanan R değeri çalışma bölgesinde günümüzde egemen olan gerilme rejiminin transtensif olduğunu göstermektedir. Batıdaki ile doğudaki levha kenarlarındaki kuvvetlerin farklı etkimesi, gerilme rejimindeki değişimin nedeni olabilir. Kinematik analiz sonucunda ortaya konan gerilme durumundaki zamansal değişimler, özellikle Ege yitim zonundaki gerilme rejimlerinde meydana gelen değişimlerin etkisi altındadır.
This paper concerns the determination of stress tensor from a set of striated faults and of focal mechanisms of earthquakes. The central and occidental parts of the North Anatolian Fault Zone illustrates the applied methodology. Then, temporal changes in tectonic regimes of the central North Anatolian Fault Zone are briefly examined. The fault kinematics analysis within central North Anatolian Fault shows that strike-slip stress changes from transpressional regime to transtensional regime as indicated by chronologies of fault slip vectors. Both states have consistent NW- and NE- trending $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_3$ axes respectively, but have significantly different mean R values: Rm=0.75 for transpressional and Rm=0.24 for transtensional regimes respectively. The inversion of focal mechanisms, occurred in the central and occidental parts of North Anatolian Fault Zone, shows that actual stress rejime is transtensional and is characterized by a NW-(N126°E) trending 0, and a NE-(N217E) trending $\sigma_3$ axes with a R value of 0.40. The stress changes along the North Anatolian Fault Zone result from the coeval influence of forces acting in the west and in the east. However, the timing of the temporal stress change permits to suggest that Quaternary stress regime variation in central North Anatolian Fault Zone is mainly due to the Aegean domain influence.
L'analyse tectonique des formations permiennes du bassin de Lodève (bordure sud du Massif Central) aboutit à l'élaboration d'un modèle géométrique et cinématique. La déformation progressive, qui ...s'exprime de façon semi-cassante dans un milieu en voie de lithification, apparaît contrôlée en permanence par un régime dynamique en extension d'orientation subméridienne, couplée à un affaissement en ciseau du Nord vers le Sud, accompagné de basculement (subsidence synsédimentaire).
La fracturation est caractérisée par sa curviplanéité qui détermine ses relations avec la stratification et s'exprime fondamentalement par un dispositif en relais tridimensionnel. A toute échelle le réseau de fracturation compartimente le matériel en corps tectoniques du type lanière et lentille. Ceux-ci sont soumis à des translations et des rotations, accompagnées d'effets de ciseau, de basculement et de fléchissement — avec affaissement prédominant au Nord — et contrôlées par un phénomène d'étirement rotationnel de polarité N-S, subparallèle à la stratification, et régi par le couple extension N-S -affaissement gravitaire S rappelant un mécanisme de cisaillement simple.
Le taux d'extension est obtenu à partir de la quantification du modèle en affaissement rotationnel. Cette démarche nécessite la prise en compte de paramètres tels que : la curviplanéité des surfaces de rupture, qui assure leur liaison subcontinue avec les joints de stratification ; la transmission, intégrale ou partielle (effet de dilution et /ou d'amortissement), de la quantité de mouvement révélée par une surface de rupture considérée, sur les feuillets sédimentaires utilisés ; la valeur angulaire du basculement par rotation accompagnée ou non de translation. Elle conduit à apprécier le mode de déformation du socle moteur sous-jacent et à en estimer le taux.
The tectonic analysis of the Permian basin of Lodève (Southern margin of the Central Massif, France) leads to the construction of a geometric and cinematic model. The progressive deformation which is expressed in a half-brittle manner within an environment in way of lithification, seems to be constantly controlled by an extensive dynamic regime of some submeridian orientation, connected with «scissor» fault from N to S together with some rotation (synsedimentary subsidence).
The fracturation in characterized by its curviplaneity which adjusts its relations with the stratification and expressed by tridi-mensionnal in echelons system. On different scales the fracturation network cuts the material in tectonic bodies of strip and lense types. They are subjected to rotation and translation accompanied by scissor effects, rocking and bending — with prédominent north fall — and checked by stretched rotational phenomenon from N to S, subparallel to the stratification and controlled by the couple (extension N-S -gravity fall S) recalling a simple shear mechanism.
The extension rate is calculated from the quantification of the rotationnal fall model. This method requires to consider parameters such as : curviplaneity type of rupture surfaces which assure their subcontinuous link with the stratification joints ; the integral or partial transmission (spliting up and/or damping effect) on the quantity of movement revealed by the considered rupture surface, on the used sedimentary layers ; the angular tilting value by rotation with or without translation, etc. The method helps to appreciate the deformation mode and to estimate the rate of the sub-adjacent mobile basement.
Die tektonische Analyse der permischen Formationen, des am Südrand des Zentralmassivs gelegenen Beckens von Lodève hat zur Ausarbeitung eines geometrischen und kinematischen Modells geführt. Die fortschreitende Verformung, die sich im Diagenesestadium auf dem Wege in Richtung Bruchfaltung befindet, scheint permanent durch ein sich Nord-Süd erstreckendes dynamisches Regime kontrolliert zu sein, das sich in dieser Erstreckung in einer wellenförmigen Absenkung ausdrückt und von einer synsedimentären Südneigung begleit ed wird.
Die Bruchflächen sind durch ihre gewölbten Formen charakterisiert, die die Beziehungen zu den Schichtflächen bestimmen, und drücken sich im wesentlichen in einer dreidimensional gestaffelten Anordnung aus. Bei jedem Massstab unterteilt das Bruchnetz das Material in tektonische linsenförmige oder langprismatische Körper. Diese sind Verschiebungen und Drehungen unterworfen, die vom Schereneffekt und von Neigungen parallel und senkrecht zur Bruchfläche mit einer Hauptabsenkung gegen Norden begleitet werden. Sie werden von einem sich von Nord gegen Süd drehenden Streckungsphänomen beinahe parallel zur Schichtung kontrolliert, welches von zwei Parametern, der N-S Streckung und der gravitative Absenkung nach S, beherrscht wird, was an einen einfachen Schermechanismus errinnert.
Der Grad der Erstreckung leitet sich von der Modellgrösse aus Absenkung und Drehung her. Diese Berechnung muss folgende Parameter berücksichtigen : die gewölbten Formen der Bruchflächen, die den nahezu kontinuierlichen Ubergang mit den Schichtflächen bestimmen ;die integrale oder partielle (Splitt-und/oder Dämpfungseffekt) Übertragung des tatsächlichen Verschiebungsbetrages einer angenommenen Verwerfung auf die verwendeten Sedimentlagen ; den Winkelbetrag der nur von Drehung oder auch von Verschiebung begleiteten Absenkung. Sie führt dazu die Art und Weise der Deformation durch den darunter liegenden Sockel als Motor anzuerkennen und ihren Deformationsgrad zu bestimmen.
L'analyse tectonique appliquée aux Schistes du Yal Lavagna (Unité du Monte Gottero, Apennin ligure septentrional) a conduit à y distinguer la superposition de plusieurs phases de déformation. La ...première phase, à caractère régional, correspond à une tectonique tangentielle donnant naissance à des plis isoclinaux couchés, d'ampleur inconnue, de type synschisteux. Schistosité de flux et cristalloblastèse se développent conjointement. Le métamorphisme est de type anchizonal. La seconde phase, également régionale, se manifeste par la mise en place de mégastructures d'amplitude kilométrique, déversées vers le NE. Aux mésostructures correspondent des plis subisoclinaux à charnière généralement concentrique, parfois aplatie et courbée. La schistosité qui leur est associée, souvent en éventail, est soit du type «fracture», soit du type «strain-slip ». Des cisaillements perturbent l'agencement des plis et accentuent la dispersion des structures de la phase précédente. La deuxième phase correspond à une tectonique de serrage. Au cours de son évolution, ce caractère s'exacerbe et conduit au rejeu de l'ensemble des surfaces de discontinuité mécanique. Les phases tardives sont caractérisées par leur style cassant. Cisaillements et décrochements découpent le bâti architectural en une mosaïque de panneaux superposés évoluant indépendamment les uns des autres, sans perturbation des relations spatiales des structures précédemment formées au sein d'un même panneau.
Ces résultats sont présentés en particulier sous la forme de stéréogrammes analytiques-synthétiques, portraits objectifs des secteurs représentatifs choisis.
Tectonic analysis of the Val Lavagna Schists (Monte Gottero Unit, Ligurian Apennines) has revealed the superposition of many deformation phases. The first phase, with a regional character, corresponds to a tangential phase, giving rise to isoclinal folds of unknown amplitude, with a widespread schistosity. Metamorphism is of the anchizonal type. In the second phase, itself of regional importance, megastructures of kilometric amplitude were formed, sometimes with a double asymmetry. The general direction of movement was towards NE. This phase is accompanied by fracture and strain-slip cleavage. Other deformations, eventually associated with shear surfaces deforming the preexisting structural elements, are but a later manifestation of phase 2. Brittle deformation has finally produced fault blocks, maintaining the relations previously established inside every single block.
The second part of the paper is devoted to stereogeometric deformation.
Die an den Val Lavagna Schiefern (Monte Gottero Einheit, ligurischer Apennin) durchgeführte tektonische Mikroanalyse ermöglichte es dort mindestens drei Deformationsphasen zu bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse sind vor allem in Form von analytisch-synthetischen Stereogrammen sowie ausgewählten repräsentativen objektiven Abbildungen von Sektoren dargestellt.
Тектоническим анализ сланцев вал лавяньа (Структура Монте Готтеро, Лигурские Апеннины). Стереометрическое доказательство. Пример понятия тектонического упорядочения
Детальный тектонический анализ применен к сланцам Вал Лаваньа (Структура Монте Готтеро — Северные Лигурские Апеннины). Он позволил выделить наложение не менее трех фаз деформации. Результаты представлены, в частности, в виде аналитических синтетических стереограмм, дающих объективные изображения выбранных характерных районов.
