Recent research has shown that semantic category systems, such as color and kinship terms, find an optimal balance between simplicity and informativeness. We argue that this situation arises through ...pressure for simplicity from learning and pressure for informativeness from communicative interaction, two distinct pressures that often (but not always) pull in opposite directions. Another account argues that learning might also act as a pressure for informativeness, that learners might be biased toward inferring informative systems. This results in two competing hypotheses about the human inductive bias. We formalize these competing hypotheses in a Bayesian iterated learning model in order to simulate what kinds of languages are expected to emerge under each. We then test this model experimentally to investigate whether learners’ biases, isolated from any communicative task, are better characterized as favoring simplicity or informativeness. We find strong evidence to support the simplicity account. Furthermore, we show how the application of a simplicity principle in learning can give the impression of a bias for informativeness, even when no such bias is present. Our findings suggest that semantic categories are learned through domain-general principles, negating the need to posit a domain-specific mechanism.
Our paper described the particularities of using some Oriental kinship terms in eloquent reference in Romanian language during the Phanariot Rules, in the largest context of the Oriental politeness ...code. We highlighted the preference for using the eliptical variant valide of the Oriental formula valide-sultan. We also showed that zade, beizade and şahzade can be described by +/descendant/, + /social hierarchy/ and + /ethnicity/, all of them marking the specialization of kinship names in reference depending on the referent's in-group.
Xikoloni xi swi kotile ku hundzuluxa vutomi bya Maafrika hi tindlela to tala, hikwalaho hi lo sala ntsena na ndzhuti eka Vuafrika bya hina. Ntiyiso hileswaku vutomi bya Maafrika a byi salangi bya ha ...ri leswi a byi ri xiswona endzhaku ka ku fika ka xikoloni. Hikokwalaho ko lava ku tsakisa no amukeriwa hi lavo basa, nkucetelo lowu veke kona ehenhla ka tindzimi ta Xintima wu onhile tinhlamuseloxidzi ta marito mo tala kufikela namuntlha. Xikombiso, namuntlha hi lahlekeriwa hi nhlamuselo ya ntiyiso ya rito ‘nsati/nuna’, leri hi ku ya hi mavulavulele ya namuntlha ri nga tekeriwa xindzhuti hi ku va ri fananisiwa kumbe ku ringanisiwa ni marito yo fana na muhlekisani, munghana, masihlalisane, sw. Sw. A hi rili ntsena hi nhlamuselo ya rito leri, kambe na xona xindzhuti xa ‘vusati’ bya xiviri xi va xi tekeriwe ehansi no vavisiwa. Ku onhaka ka nhlamuselo ya ‘nsati/nuna’ namuntlha eka tinxaka tin’wana ta Maafrika ti hoxekile naswona ti kanganyisa hi tindlela to hlayanyana. Xikombiso, ti tekela ehansi ntiyiso wa leswi nsati/nuna a nga swona.
This paper examines the existing kinship terminology system of Aka Koro tribe from a linguistic point of view. The paper tries to bring out the nature of Aka Koro tribe inhabiting in the East and ...West Kameng districts of the north eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh, especially Kichang, Pichang, Chichang, Kadeya, Sapung, Pochung, Kajung, New Sapung and Yangse villages. This native language of Koro is highly endangered with 800 to1200 people. The Koro tribe is matrilineal which means that they allow marriage between a man and his immediate relation of his mother’s side. This study is an attempt to bring out a classificatory system for the Kinship which prevails among them.
The year 2023, in addition to being the 40th anniversary of the appearance of the Mediterranean Language Review, is also the centenary of Nikolai Trubctzkoy's original formulation of the Balkan ...linguistic league (jazykovoj sojuz), although it was in his (1930) iteration that he specified shared kulturworter as one of its diagnostic characteristics. More recently, Friedman & Joseph have proposed the concept of loanwords that are Essentially Rooted In Conversation (ERIC loans). ERIC loans differ from culture words in that they arc typically borrowed conversationally as a result of multilateral, multigenerational, mutual, multi-lingualism, i.e. the conditions that lead to a sprachbund. In a sense, ERIC loans arc types of culture words, namely those associated with the culture of conversational interaction among speakers. Their connection to Trubctzkoy's conceptualization of the significance of loanwords in recognizing a sprachbund provides a basis for their characterization as being indicative of sprachbund formation. Such conversational loans include kinship terms, numerals, pronouns, adpositions, negatives, complementizers, vocatives, and various discourse elements.
The universality of kinship terms means they are regarded, like much basic vocabulary, as resistant to borrowing. Kin term borrowings are documented at varying frequencies, but their role in the ...dynamics of change in this core social domain is understudied. We investigated the dimensions and the sociolinguistic contexts of kinship borrowings with 50 kinship categories from a global sample of 32 languages, a subset extracted from the World Loanword Database. We found that more borrowings take place in affinal kin categories and in generations denoting relatives older than ego. Close kin categories also have borrowings, but the borrowed items usually coexist with other, presumably non-borrowed variants. Colonisation and the spread of cultures and religions were main inducing forces for kin term borrowings; new terms often enter a language via bilingualism. These tentative patterns can be studied further with larger datasets in future systematic studies of kinship borrowings.
This study aims at analysing the absolute semantic complexity of kin terms in Hausa, i.e. to measure the amount of semantic information of individual kin terms. Each kin term is defined by a set of ...sufficient and necessary conditions (i.e. properties and relations) derived from the construction of a genealogical “space”. In order to calculate semantic complexity, properties (e.g.
,
) and relations (e.g.
,
) are encoded as a series of predicates. The terms are defined in a feature matrix system: for each property and relation each kin term is assigned a value on a truth table. Resorting to predicate calculus, the complexity coefficient
of kin terms is calculated as the negative dyadic logarithm of the relative number of trues according to the formula proposed by Lehmann (1978) and adapted from Carnap and Bar-Hillel (1952). Being culture-independent, the definition of kinship terms in a feature-matrix system allows for a) cross-linguistic comparison; b) a consistent treatment of polysemous instances based on the principles of intension and extension; and c) further analysis and applications in representations of kinship systems formulated with genealogical or algebraic approaches.
The paper deals with "A Comparative Analysis of Kasaragod Marathi and Native Marathi: Exploring Kinship Terms" and the Marathas represent a tribal community predominantly residing in the Kallar and ...Panathadi panchayats located within the Kasaragod district, the northernmost district of Kerala. They are also present in regions such as Coorg, Madikkeri, and Sullia in Karnataka. The majority of their settlements are situated in the eastern hills of the Kerala district. The Marathas communicate using a language known as Marathi, which lacks a written script and differs from the Marathi language spoken by the people in the state of Maharashtra, India. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the kinship terms used in the Marathi language and determine whether there are any similarities with the indigenous Marathi kinship terms in Maharashtra. The objectives of the study are as follows: * To conduct a comprehensive examination of the similarities and differences between Kasaragod Marathi and native Marathi, with a specific focus on the distinct characteristics and variations in kinship terms used within the Marathi language spoken in the Kasaragod region. This analysis aims to shed light on the unique aspects of kinship terminology in Kasaragod Marathi and its divergence from the native Marathi language. * To investigate the influence of the Malayalam and Kannada languages on Kasaragod Marathi. It aims to identify the specific linguistic features that have been influenced by these neighbouring languages. * To investigate the impact of migration on the Kasaragod Marathi language, specifically focusing on the phenomenon of word loss or lack of words as a result of migration. This objective aims to identify the specific linguistic challenges faced by the Kasaragod Marathi-speaking community due to migration, including the loss or reduced usage of certain words or expressions, and how this has influenced the overall language vitality and preservation efforts in the community. Keywords: Kasaragod Marathi and Native Marathi, Exploring Kinship terms, Comparative Study.
The patrilineal clan system is still very strong in Katang society in southern Laos. This affects how a person relates to and addresses both his father's and mother's kin groups. It also is important ...in choosing a marriage partner. This paper provides a listing of the common kinship terms in Katang. Ritual and authority are also an important part of village life, and affect property ownership and work relationships. This article discusses some of these features of Katang society and those who provide leadership at both clan and village level.
The present study aims to analyse the interpersonal address system at Punjabi workplaces, limited to the urban and organizational setups with a special focus on the use of kinship terms in purely ...professional contexts. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on the methods of observation and survey questionnaire. The data was collected from a sample of 210 respondents from the tertiary educational institutions of Punjab from the age groups of 19- 39, selected with the help of the Simple Random Sampling method. The study concludes that there is a substantial amount of use of kinship terms at Punjabi workplaces and it does not always encode solidarity, rather kinship terms are also used to express either the lower status of the addressee or to overcome the ambiguity about the professional hierarchy of the addressee. The study was significantly delayed by Covid-19 pandemic, particularly at the data collection stages.
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