Rebellion, insurgency, civil war-conflict within a society is customarily treated as a matter of domestic politics and analysts generally focus their attention on local causes. Yet fighting between ...governments and opposition groups is rarely confined to the domestic arena. "Internal" wars often spill across national boundaries, rebel organizations frequently find sanctuaries in neighboring countries, and insurgencies give rise to disputes between states.
InRebels without Borders, which will appeal to students of international and civil war and those developing policies to contain the regional diffusion of conflict, Idean Salehyan examines transnational rebel organizations in civil conflicts, utilizing cross-national datasets as well as in-depth case studies. He shows how external Contra bases in Honduras and Costa Rica facilitated the Nicaraguan civil war and how the Rwandan civil war spilled over into the Democratic Republic of the Congo, fostering a regional war. He also looks at other cross-border insurgencies, such as those of the Kurdish PKK and Taliban fighters in Pakistan. Salehyan reveals that external sanctuaries feature in the political history of more than half of the world's armed insurgencies since 1945, and are also important in fostering state-to-state conflicts.
Rebels who are unable to challenge the state on its own turf look for mobilization opportunities abroad. Neighboring states that are too weak to prevent rebel access, states that wish to foster instability in their rivals, and large refugee diasporas provide important opportunities for insurgent groups to establish external bases. Such sanctuaries complicate intelligence gathering, counterinsurgency operations, and efforts at peacemaking. States that host rebels intrude into negotiations between governments and opposition movements and can block progress toward peace when they pursue their own agendas.
Globale Transformationsprozesse wie steigende Rohstoff- und Nahrungsmittelpreise, die Finanzkrise und der Klimawandel haben seit Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen in der ...Landnutzung und bei den Landbesitzverhältnissen beigetragen. Konflikte um Land und Rohstoffe stehen seit einigen Jahren im Fokus einer lebhaften wissenschaftlichen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Debatte und führen vielerorts - insbesondere im Globalen Süden - zu Protesten.
Mit über 40 Essays von »Agrarbewegung« über »Land Grabbing« bis »Water Grabbing« präsentiert das kritische Handbuch zentrale Begriffe und Themen der Debatte und macht sie einer breiten Leser_innenschaft zugänglich.
•A history of territorial struggles strengthened the ability of some groups of indigenous peoples in Brazil to combat COVID-19.•Indigenous led self-protection and resistance counter government ...‘politics of extermination’ and ‘genocide by omission'.•Strategies included: self-isolation and blockades, social media campaigns and fundraising, and court cases against the government.•Despite violence and repression, the indigenous movement has grown and is better positioned to fight the pandemic than it was a decade ago.
Indigenous peoples in Brazil have suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 pandemic due to limited access to an already precarious public health system together with continued attacks on their cultures, their territories and their way of life. These attacks come as part of the government's attempts to further neoliberal development and undermine environmental and indigenous rights, taking advantage of what the Minister of Environment called 'a moment of calm while the press is focusing on the pandemic'. The pandemic has intensified environmental conflicts affecting indigenous peoples, both in amplifying conflicts but also in sparking new acts of resistance and self-protection of indigenous lives and territories. Based on case studies and monitoring of rapidly evolving social media and WhatsApp posts, we analyse these processes through a political ecology lens. We find confirmed cases and deaths amongst indigenous peoples centred around tourism hotspots, mining sites, and other development projects. Yet the presence of these risks, and long term conflicts related to land-grabbing and resource theft linked to said development, has in some cases strengthened community ties and increased capacity for active resistance. While some Mebengokrê (Kayapó) communities in the Amazon have fled further into the forest to maintain isolation, others have expelled gold-miners from their villages. Tupinambá and Pataxó communities in the Northeast have set up blockades to keep people, and the virus, out. The retomadas, or reclaiming of land, of the Tupinambá, Pataxó and Pataxó-Hãhãhai in Bahia State, are a case in point: the long-term struggle to reclaim their lands has strengthened community ties and capacity for active resistance. The recent road blockades of the Mebengokrê (Kayapó) incorporated demands for COVID-19 support into a long history of demands for compensation for the negative impacts suffered from mining and road construction in their territories. At the national level, indigenous movements, which have grown in strength and number in the fight against Bolsonaro's 'politics of extermination' and through engagement of a new cohort of indigenous youth who had access to higher education, were able to draw on social media and indigenous led court cases to help counteract the 'genocide by omission' that has been worsened by the pandemic.
The book establishes marriage as a pervasive idiom for the construction of collective identity in Syria, which is appropriated by individuals, sects, states and intergovernmental organizations alike. ...Its conclusions are relevant to scholars of Middle East studies, sectarianism, anthropology and politics.”
Conflict in the pool: A field experiment Balafoutas, Loukas; Faravelli, Marco; Fornwagner, Helena ...
Journal of economic behavior & organization,
11/2023, Letnik:
215
Journal Article
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We conduct a field experiment on conflict in swimming pools. When all lanes are occupied, an actor joins the least crowded lane and asks one of the swimmers to move to another lane. The lane ...represents a contested scarce resource. We vary the actor's valuation (high and low) for the good through the message they deliver. Also, we take advantage of the natural variation in the number of swimmers to proxy for their valuation. Consistent with theoretical predictions, a swimmer's propensity to engage in conflict increases in scarcity and decreases in the actor's valuation. We complement the results with survey evidence.
Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński przyczynił się do upowszechnienia w języku mediów i polityki pojęcia wojny hybrydowej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest skłonienie badaczy do refleksji nad zasadnością ...używania tego pojęcia i nad koniecznością jego doprecyzowania. Najważniejsza wątpliwość uwydatniona w toku analizy skłania się ku określeniu zespołu cech, które pozwalałyby jednoznacznie stwierdzić, jakiego rodzaju konflikty, z użyciem jakich technik i od którego momentu, można określać mianem wojen hybrydowych.
Multisource survey data were collected from 105 police managers and 534 of their subordinates to assess the influence of manager inclusiveness on unit-level relational conflict and interpersonal ...helping behaviour. The analysis shows a negative relationship between relational conflict and helping behaviour and between manager inclusiveness and relational conflict. We also observe the negative link between manager inclusiveness and relational conflict is moderated by manager span of control such that the connection is weaker and not statistically significant in relatively larger units. We discuss the implications of these findings for public management research and the management of law enforcement units.
Why do ethnic riots break out when and where they do? Why do some governments try to prevent ethnic riots while others do nothing or even participate in the violence? In this book, Steven I. ...Wilkinson uses collected data on Hindu-Muslim riots, socio-economic factors and competitive politics in India to test his theory that riots are fomented in order to win elections and that governments decide whether to stop them or not based on the likely electoral cost of doing so. He finds that electoral factors account for most of the state-level variation in Hindu-Muslim riots: explaining for example why riots took place in Gujarat in 2002 but not in many other states where militants tried to foment violence. The general electoral theory he develops for India is extended to Ireland, Malaysia and Romania as Wilkinson shows that similar political factors motivate ethnic violence in many different countries.
Seventeen million people have died in civil wars and rebel violence has disrupted the lives of millions more. In a fascinating contribution to the active literature on civil wars, this book finds ...that some contemporary rebel groups actually comply with international law amid the brutality of civil conflicts around the world. Rather than celebrating the existence of compliant rebels, the author traces the cause of this phenomenon and argues that compliant rebels emerge when rebel groups seek legitimacy in the eyes of domestic and international audiences that care about humanitarian consequences and human rights. By examining rebel groups' different behaviors such as civilian killing, child soldiering, and allowing access to detention centers, Compliant Rebels offers key messages and policy lessons about engaging rebel groups with an eye toward reducing civilian suffering in war zones.
